Hydrogen Energy

Preface xvii Part I Energy Overview 1 1 Glossary of Key Energy Terms 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Importance of Energy Literacy 4 1.3 Glossary 4 1.4 Symbols and Acronyms 42 2 Introduction to Energy and Energy Issues 48 2.1 Introduction 48 2.2 Early History of Energy 49 2.3 Later History of Energy 50 2.4 Energy ""Emergencies"" 50 2.5 Net Energy Analysis 51 2.6 Hydrogen as an Energy/Fuel 53 2.7 The Future 54 3 Energy Resources 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Coal 58 3.3 Oil 59 3.4 Natural Gas 60 3.5 Shale Oil/Tar Sands 62 3.6 Solar Energy 63 3.7 Nuclear Energy 66 3.8 Geothermal Energy 68 3.9 Wind Energy 69 3.10 Hydrokinetic Energy 71 3.11 Biomass-Based Fuels 73 4 Environmental Policy and Regulatory Considerations for Hydrogen Energy 77 Marybeth Reynolds 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Opportunities and Benefits for the Emerging Hydrogen Energy Industry 78 4.3 Hydrogen Energy Policy Priorities 82 4.4 U.S. Federal Energy Policies and Regulatory Frameworks 84 4.5 The Role of the States 91 4.6 Global Hydrogen Energy Policies and Priorities 92 4.7 Summary 93 5 Thermodynamic Considerations 96 5.1 Introduction 96 5.2 Energy Fundamentals and Principles 97 5.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 100 5.4 Enthalpy Effects 101 5.5 Second Law Calculations 104 5.6 Phase Equilibrium 105 5.7 Stoichiometry 106 5.8 Chemical Reaction Equilibrium 107 5.9 Conservation Laws 108 5.10 Ideal Gas Law 110 6 Fuel Cells 113 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Electrical Units 114 6.3 Fuel Cell Overview 114 6.4 Unit Cells 115 6.5 Critical Functions of Cell Components 117 6.6 Fuel Cell Stacking 118 6.7 Fuel Cell Systems 120 6.8 Fuel Cell Types 120 6.9 Fuel Cell Characteristics 126 6.10 Overall Advantages/Disadvantages 127 6.11 Batteries 128 6.12 Summary 129 Part II Select Hydrogen Energy Topics 131 7 Hydrogen Energy Overview 133 7.1 Introduction 133 7.2 Early History 135 7.3 Processing 136 7.4 Storage 138 7.5 Transportation and Transmission 139 7.6 Uses 140 7.7 Environmental Issues 142 8 Government Hydrogen Programs 144 8.1 Introduction 144 8.2 Department of Energy Programs 145 8.3 Other Federal Programs 146 8.4 State Programs 146 8.5 Tax Incentives 148 8.6 Project Financing 150 8.7 Insurance Coverage 151 8.8 Stakeholder Engagement 151 9 Hydrogen Physical and Chemical Properties 153 Onwukaeme Chibuzo Kenneth 9.1 Introduction 153 9.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter 153 9.3 Properties of Mixtures 158 9.4 Properties of Hydrogen 159 9.5 Hydrogen Isotopes 163 9.6 The Hydrogen Bond 165 9.7 The Quintessential Energy Carrier 166 10 Hydrogen-Bearing Compounds 169 10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 Water 170 10.3 Deuterium 171 10.4 Ammonia 176 10.5 Methane 177 10.6 Other Hydrocarbon Molecules 179 10.7 The Alkane Series 180 11 Hydrogen Production Processes 182 11.1 Introduction 182 11.2 Overview of Hydrogen Production Processes 185 11.3 Fossil Fuels 186 11.4 Water Splitting Production Processes 188 11.5 Biomass Production Processes 191 11.6 Hydrogen Purification 194 11.7 Hydrogen Laboratory Processes 196 11.8 Emerging Hydrogen Technologies 197 12 Hydrogen Storage 199 12.1 Introduction 199 12.2 Chemical Industry Storage Options 200 12.3 Hydrogen Storage Overview 202 12.4 Gaseous Hydrogen Storage 203 12.5 Liquid Hydrogen Storage 204 12.6 Solid Hydrogen Storage 205 12.7 The Moon Project 207 12.8 Summary of Hydrogen Storage Strategies 210 13 Hydrogen Transportation and Transmission 213 13.1 Introduction 213 13.2 Hydrogen Transportation/Transmission Options 214 13.3 Traditional Transportation Options 216 13.4 Chemical Industry Transportation Options 219 13.5 Hydrogen Transportation: Pipelines 220 13.6 Hydrogen Transportation: Mobile 221 13.7 On-Site Hydrogen Production 222 13.8 Transportation via Chemical Hydrogen Carriers 223 13.9 International/Global Hydrogen Transportation 223 13.10 Regulation Issues 224 13.11 New Hydrogen Transmission Options 226 14 Hydrogen Conversion 229 14.1 Introduction 229 14.2 Energy Conversion Technical Details 230 14.3 Electric Power Systems 231 14.4 The Grid System 234 14.5 Conversion: The Combustion Process 238 14.6 Conversion: The Fuel Cell Process 240 15 Hydrogen Uses 243 15.1 Introduction 243 15.2 Power Generation 245 15.3 Transportation 246 15.4 Industry Feedstock 248 15.5 Hydrogen-Containing Feedstock Chemicals 251 15.6 Heating 252 15.7 Energy Storage 253 16 The Quintessential Hydrogen Byproduct: Potable Water 256 16.1 Introduction 256 16.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Water 257 16.3 The Hydrologic Cycle 258 16.4 The Desalination Process 259 16.5 Traditional Seawater Desalination Processes 260 16.6 New Process Options for Potable Water Production 262 16.7 The Theodore Hydrogen Water Byproduct Process 266 17 Safety Considerations 268 17.1 Introduction 268 17.2 Hydrogen Details 270 17.3 Worker Safety Regulations and Requirements 271 17.4 Site Safety Plans 273 17.5 Chemical Safety Data Sheets 274 17.6 The Hydrogen SDS 280 Part III Technical Engineering Issues 285 18 Environmental Health and Hazard Risk Assessment 287 18.1 Introduction 287 18.2 The Health Risk Assessment Process 288 18.3 The Health Risk Assessment Process Components 290 18.4 Hazard Risk Assessment Process 294 18.5 The Hazard Risk Assessment Process Components 295 18.6 Future Trends 299 19 Energy-Environmental Interactions 301 19.1 Introduction 301 19.2 U.S. Hydrogen Energy Policy 302 19.3 U.S. Energy-Environmental Policy Issues 303 19.4 Individual State Energy Policies 305 19.5 Global Energy Policies 306 19.6 Environmental Concerns: A Technological Mandate 309 19.7 Net Energy Concepts 311 19.8 Interaction with Other Goals 313 20 Ethical Considerations 316 20.1 Introduction 316 20.2 The Present State of Ethics 317 20.3 Dos and Don’ts 318 20.4 Integrity 319 20.5 Moral Issues 320 20.6 Guardianship 322 20.7 Engineering Ethics 323 20.8 Future Trends in Professional and Environmental Ethics 324 20.9 Case Studies 326 21 Economic Considerations 330 21.1 Introduction 330 21.2 Economic and Finance Definitions 332 21.3 Investment and Risks 338 21.4 The Traditional Economic Evaluation Process 339 21.5 Capital and Operating Costs 341 21.6 Project and Process Evaluation 342 21.7 Hydrogen Energy Economy Considerations 342 21.8 Concluding Remarks 344 22 Optimization Considerations 347 22.1 Introduction 347 22.2 History of Optimization 349 22.3 Scope of Optimization 351 22.4 General Analytical Formulation of the Optimum 352 22.5 Mathematical Concepts in Linear Programming 355 22.6 Applied Concepts in Linear Programming 356 22.7 Optimization of Existing Systems 359 23 Illustrative Examples 363 23.1 Introduction 363 23.2 Energy Principles 363 23.3 Thermodynamics 365 23.4 Energy Systems 368 23.5 Environmental Issues 370 23.6 Ethics 374 23.7 Economics 375 23.8 SDS Information 379 23.9 Optimization 380 References 383 Index 384