Halide Perovskite Semiconductors

Preface xv 1 Introduction to Perovskite 1 Tianwei Duan, Iván Mora-Seró, and Yuanyuan Zhou 1.1 Evolution of Perovskite 1 1.2 Structure of Perovskite 2 1.3 Property and Application of Perovskite 4 1.4 Summary and Outlook 7 2 Halide Perovskite Single Crystals 9 Clara Aranda-Alonso and Michael Saliba 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Crystal Structure 9 2.3 Synthesis Methods 14 2.4 Optoelectronic Properties of Halide Perovskite Single Crystals 21 2.5 Applications 29 3 Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals 49 Samrat Das Adhikari, Andrés F. Gualdrón-Reyes, and Iván Mora-Seró 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Methodology 51 3.3 Quantum Confinement Effect 57 3.4 Solution-processed Halide Exchange 59 3.5 Post-synthesis Defect Recovery 61 3.6 Different Shapes of the Nanocrystals 62 3.7 Doping in Perovskite Nanocrystals 64 3.8 Lead-free Perovskite Nanocrystals 69 3.9 Summary 70 4 Dimensionality Modulation in Halide Perovskites 79 Akriti, Jee Yung Park, Shuchen Zhang, and Letian Dou 4.1 Classification of Low-Dimensional Perovskites 79 4.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Morphological Low-Dimensional (ABX3) Halide Perovskites 80 4.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Molecular Low-Dimensional (Non-ABX3) Halide Perovskites 83 4.4 Applications of Low-Dimensional Halide Perovskites 101 4.5 Current Challenges and Prospects of Low-Dimensional Halide 5 Halide Double Perovskites 115 Carina Pareja-Rivera, Dulce Zugasti-Fernández, Paul Olalde-Velasco, and Diego Solis-Ibarra 5.1 Definition and Structure 116 5.2 Properties 118 5.3 Applications in Solar Cells and LEDs 123 5.4 Other Applications 126 5.5 Related Materials: Layered Double Perovskites and Vacancy Ordered Double Perovskites 132 5.6 Conclusions 135 6 Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells 147 Xianyuan Jiang, Zihao Zang, and Zhijun Ning 6.1 Introduction 147 6.2 Tin Perovskite Properties 148 6.3 Perovskite Composition Engineering 151 6.4 Additives Manipulation 155 6.5 Device Architecture Engineering 156 6.6 Conclusion 158 7 Fundamentals and Synthesis Methods of Metal Halide Perovskite Thin Films 165 Mingwei Hao, Tanghao Liu, Yalan Zhang, Tianwei Duan, and Yuanyuan Zhou 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 Fundamentals of MHPs Thin Films 166 7.3 Thin Film Growth Mechanism 173 7.4 One-step Growth 180 7.5 Two-step Growth 186 7.6 Scalable Growth Methods 192 7.7 Postdeposition Treatments 200 7.8 Summary 203 8 First Principles Atomistic Theory of Halide Perovskites 215 Linn Leppert 8.1 Introduction: What I Talk About When I Talk About First Principles Calculations of Halide Perovskites 215 8.2 Structural Properties 217 8.3 Optoelectronic Properties 231 8.4 Concluding Remarks: First Person Singular 242 9 Comparing the Charge Dynamics in MAPbBr3 and MAPbI3 Using Microwave Photoconductance Measurements 251 Tom J. Savenije, Jiashang Zhao, and Valentina M. Caselli 9.1 Time-Resolved Microwave Conductivity 251 9.2 Global Modeling of TRMC Data 254 9.3 TRMC Measurements on MAPbI3 and MAPbBr3 255 9.4 TRMC Measurements on MAPbI3 and MAPbBr3 with Charge Selective 10 Hot Carriers in Halide Perovskites 263 Jia Wei Melvin Lim, Yue Wang, and Tze Chien Sum 10.1 Introduction 263 10.2 Hot Carrier Cooling Mechanisms 265 10.3 Slow Hot Carrier Cooling in Halide Perovskites 266 10.4 Utilizing Hot Carriers in Halide Perovskites 275 10.5 Multiple Exciton Generation 280 10.6 Multiple Exciton Generation Mechanisms 283 10.7 Efficient Multiple Exciton Generation in Halide Perovskites 289 10.8 Utilizing Multiple Exciton Generation in Halide Perovskites 296 10.9 Conclusion and Outlook 299 11 Ionic Transport in Perovskite Semiconductors 305 Wenke Zhou, Yicheng Zhao, and Qing Zhao 11.1 Theoretical Basis of Ionic Transport 305 11.2 Characterizations of Ionic Transport 306 11.3 Mobile Ions in Perovskite Film Under Electric Field 309 11.4 The Factors Affecting Ionic Transport in Perovskites 311 11.5 The Impact of Ionic Transport on Perovskite Films and Devices 318 11.6 Summary and Outlook 322 12 Light Emission of Halide Perovskites 329 David O. Tiede, Juan F. Galisteo-López, and Hernán Míguez 12.1 Introduction 329 12.2 Charge-Carrier Recombination in Lead-Halide Perovskites 330 12.3 Photoinduced Effects on Charge Carrier Recombination 338 12.4 Lasing in Lead-Halide Perovskites 341 12.5 Conclusions 345 13 Epitaxy and Strain Engineering of Halide Perovskites 351 Yang Hu, Jie Jiang, Lifu Zhang, Yunfeng Shi, and Jian Shi 13.1 Introduction 351 13.2 Epitaxy of Thin Film and Nanostructures 353 13.2.1 Epitaxial Substrates 353 13.2.2 Epitaxial Growth and Defects Formation Mechanisms 355 13.2.3 Experimental Progresses 358 13.3 Strain Engineering 360 13.3.1 Theoretical Progresses 361 13.3.2 Experimental Progresses 363 13.4 Opportunities and Challenges 365 Acknowledgments 366 References 367 14 Electron Microscopy of Perovskite Solar Cell Materials 377 Mathias U. Rothmann, Wei Li, and Zhiwei Tao 14.1 Introduction 377 14.2 Fundamentals of Electron Microscopy 377 14.3 Signal Generation 379 14.4 SEM 381 14.5 Conclusions 406 15 In Situ Characterization of Halide Perovskite Synthesis 411 Maged Abdelsamie, Tim Kodalle, Mriganka Singh, and Carolin M. Sutter-Fella 15.1 Introduction 411 15.2 Fundamentals of X-Ray Scattering and Fluorescence Techniques 412 15.3 In Situ Optical Spectroscopy 423 15.4 Examples of In Situ Multimodal Characterization During Solution-Based Fabrication 430 15.5 Probing Beam–Sample Interaction 435 15.6 Summary and Outlook 437 16 Multimodal Characterization of Halide Perovskites: From the Macro to the Atomic Scale 443 Tiarnan A. S. Doherty and Samuel D. Stranks 16.1 Introduction 443 16.2 Early Multimodal CharacterizationWork 445 16.3 Recent Multimodal Characterization 450 16.4 Pressing Challenges and Opportunities 464 16.5 Outlook and Opportunities 471 References 475 Index 483