Discover the key to a sustainable future with Green Hydrogen, an essential guide for those invested in the innovative potential of green hydrogen production for decarbonization.
One of the worldwide objectives for 2050 is to decarbonize the planet. According to the International Energy Agency’s most recent projections, the world’s energy demand will rise by 25% to 30% by 2040. In an economy that depends on coal and oil, this will increase CO2, exacerbating climate change. Decarbonizing the Earth envisions a different world in 2050—one that is more open, effective, and sustainable, powered by clean energy like green hydrogen. Generating an element like hydrogen is one of the keys to achieving this goal because, unlike coal and oil, green hydrogen is a pure energy source that emits water vapor and leaves no residue in the air. Industry and hydrogen have a long-standing, global partnership that will only grow stronger as the planet moves away from fossil fuels. Green Hydrogen discusses the challenges and opportunities of sustainable hydrogen production and its applications in different industries, including heat and power generation, industry feedstock, and goods and passenger transport.
Preface xix 1 Green Hydrogen: Fundamentals, Properties, Classifications, Advantages and Challenges 1 Gaydaa AlZohbi 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Physical and Chemical Properties 4 1.3 Technologies Used to Generate Green Hydrogen 7 1.4 Advantages of Green Hydrogen 17 1.5 Challenges of Green Hydrogen 17 1.6 Conclusion 20 References 21 2 Fundamentals of Green Energy and the Significance of Green Hydrogen 23 Oumayma Benslimane, Loubna Bouhachlaf, Najoua Labjar, Hamid Nasrellah and Souad El Hajjaji 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Types of Green Energy Sources 25 2.3 The Role of Green Energy in Mitigating Climate Change 28 2.4 Green Energy and Green Hydrogen 28 2.5 Green Hydrogen as a Sustainable Energy 29 2.6 Technological and Economic Challenges in Green Energy 31 2.7 Policy and Regulatory Challenges in Green Energy 32 2.8 Technological and Economic Challenges in Green Hydrogen 33 2.9 Conclusion 34 References 34 3 Green Hydrogen and Green Energy Fundamentals and Relative Description 39 Samghouli Nora, Labjar Najoua, Dalimi Mohamed and El Hajjaji Souad 3.1 Introduction 40 3.2 Hydrogen Production 43 3.3 Green Energy Fundamentals 49 3.4 Integration of Green Hydrogen in the Energy Ecosystem 55 3.5 Assessment of the Environment and Economy 58 3.6 Conclusion 59 References 60 4 Green Hydrogen Production: Relative Challenges and Opportunities of Different Method 73 Loubna Bouhachlaf, Oumayma Benslimane, Nora Samghouli, Najoua Labjar and Souad El Hajjaji 4.1 Introduction 74 4.2 Fundamentals of Green Hydrogen Production 74 4.3 Technological Advancements in Green Hydrogen Production 76 4.4 Economic and Policy Considerations 80 4.5 Economic and Environmental Benefits of Green Hydrogen 81 4.6 Challenges in Green Hydrogen Production 82 4.7 Policy and Regulatory Frameworks 85 4.8 Case Studies of Successful Green Hydrogen Projects 85 4.9 Prospects and Market Trends 86 4.10 Conclusion 87 References 88 5 Social and Environmental Challenges of Green Hydrogen 93 Sidra Khan Orakzai, Taj Muhammad and Muhammad Yaseen 5.1 Introduction 94 5.2 Literature Survey 103 5.3 Eco-Friendly Techniques for Producing Hydrogen 104 5.4 Challenges 118 5.5 Conclusions and Future Recommendations 134 References 134 6 Industrial Scale Challenges of Production and Consumption of Green Hydrogen 141 Samghouli Nora, Bensemlali Meryem, Nasrellah Hamid, Labjar Najoua and El Hajjaji Souad 6.1 Introduction 142 6.2 Social Challenges 144 6.3 Environmental Challenges 147 6.4 Policy and Regulatory Challenges 151 6.5 Social and Environmental Benefits 153 6.6 Conclusion 155 References 156 7 Seawater as an Alternative Source for Hydrogen Production 169 Abdelmalek Dahchour, Zineb Hammi, Yousra El Hamdouni, Najoua Labjar, Mohamed Dalimi and Souad El Hajjaji 7.1 Introduction 170 7.2 Production of Hydrogen from Freshwater 171 7.3 Hydrogen Production and Water Scarcity 174 7.4 Hydrogen from Seawater 174 7.5 Electrocatalysts for OER 176 7.6 Electrocatalysts for HER 178 7.7 Conclusion 181 References 182 8 Green Hydrogen Investments and Financing: Public and Government Investments 189 Zineb Hammi, Youssra El Hamdouni, Najoua Labjar, Houda Labjar, Hamid Nasrellah, Ayoub Cherrat, El Mostapha Lotfi and Souad El Hajjaji 8.1 Introduction 190 8.2 Financing Sources for Green Hydrogen Projects 191 8.3 Analysis of Factors Driving Investor Attraction to Green Hydrogen 193 8.4 Current State of Investment in Green Hydrogen 195 8.5 Opportunities and Challenges in Financing Green Hydrogen 206 8.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 208 References 208 9 Future of Green Hydrogen: Opportunities and Challenges 215 Zineb Hammi, Youssra El Hamdouni, Najoua Labjar, Halima Mortadi, Houda Labjar, Bensemlali Meryem, El Mostapha Lotfi and Souad El Hajjaji 9.1 Introduction 216 9.2 Green Hydrogen 217 9.3 Opportunities and Challenges for the Future of Green Hydrogen 219 9.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 230 References 231 10 Green Hydrogen Production at Industrial Scale: Future Challenges and Opportunities 247 Omar Dagdag, Rajesh Haldhar, Abhinay Thakur, Walid Daoudi, Avni Berisha, Elyor Berdimurodov and Hansang Kim 10.1 Introduction 248 10.2 Opportunities and Challenges of Green Hydrogen 250 10.3 Conclusion 259 References 260 11 Significant Projects in Production, Storage and Applications of Green Hydrogen Around the World 265 M. EL Hayany, H. EL Garni, Z. Miftah, S. Oubad, W. Makboul, A. Razouk, M. Abdellaoui, S. EL Hajjaji and O. Mounkachi 11.1 Introduction to Green Hydrogen Projects 266 11.2 Green Hydrogen Production Projects Around the World 267 11.3 Global Projects for Storing Green Hydrogen 274 11.4 Applications of Green Hydrogen in Various Sectors 285 11.5 Conclusion 291 Acknowledgments 291 References 291 12 Scenarios of Green Hydrogen of the World 299 Wizra Khan, Ata Ur Rahman and Muhammad Yaseen 12.1 Introduction 300 12.2 Literature Review 306 12.3 Method of Producing Hydrogen 307 12.4 Comparison of Conventional Hydrogen Fabrication vs Green Hydrogen Fabrication 319 12.5 Global Initiatives and Policies 321 12.6 Applications 326 12.7 Conclusions 328 12.8 Future Outlook 329 References 330 13 Global Journey of Green Hydrogen: Opportunities and Challenges 337 Maria Benbouzid, Loubna Bouhachlaf, Najoua Labjar, Mohamed Dalimi and Souad El Hajjaji 13.1 Introduction 338 13.2 Production Process of Green Hydrogen 340 13.3 Current State of Green Hydrogen Worldwide 342 13.4 Green Hydrogen Scenarios All Over the World 350 13.5 Green Hydrogen Production Scenarios and Cost Projections 357 13.6 Policy Scenarios for Green Hydrogen 364 13.7 Conclusion 367 References 368 14 A Critical Review and Perspective of Challenges of Green Hydrogen 373 M. Hajji, M. Abdellaoui, S. EL Hajjaji and O. Mounkachi 14.1 Introduction to Green Hydrogen Challenges 374 14.2 Technological Challenges 375 14.3 Economic and Financial Challenges 380 14.4 Environmental and Social Challenges 384 14.5 Regulatory and Policy Challenges 388 14.6 Social and Cultural Acceptance 393 14.7 Conclusion 394 References 394 15 Green Hydrogen for Power and Heat Generation Applications 401 Khasan Berdimuradov, Murodali Mamanazarov, Omar Dagdag, Mohamed Rbaa and Elyor Berdimurodov 15.1 Introduction 402 15.2 Power Generation Applications 403 15.3 Heat Generation Applications 410 15.4 Future Perspectives and Research Directions 417 15.5 Conclusion 418 References 419 16 Green Hydrogen for Passenger/Goods Transport Applications 423 Akbarali Rasulov, Husan Yaxshinorov, Javokhir Abdisattorov, Elyor Berdimurodov, Omar Dagdag, Mohamed Rbaa, Murodali Mamanazarov and Khasan Berdimuradov 16.1 Introduction 424 16.2 Green Hydrogen in Passenger Transport 426 16.3 Green Hydrogen in Goods Transport 433 16.4 Future Prospects 437 16.5 Conclusion 438 References 438 17 Green Hydrogen as a Pillar of Energy Transition and Transport Innovation 443 Siddhi Jaiswal 17.1 Introduction 443 17.2 Advantages of Green Hydrogen for Transport 445 17.3 Applications in Passenger Transport 447 17.4 Applications in Goods Transport 448 17.5 Economic Advantages 449 17.6 Future Prospects and Challenges 451 17.7 Conclusion 453 References 454 18 Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) Powered by Hydrogen Challenges and Constraints 457 Pratik M. Pataniya and C.K. Sumesh 18.1 Introduction 458 18.2 Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier and Fuel 460 18.3 Adoption of Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles 461 18.4 Working of Fuel Cell Vehicles Using Hydrogen 463 18.5 Technological Advancements 465 18.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 469 References 469 19 Green Hydrogen for Water Desalination 479 Rabia Zafar, Azeem Intisar, Muhammad Saeed, Tajamal Hussain and Muhammad Amin Abid 19.1 Introduction 480 19.2 Water Desalination Techniques 483 19.3 Green Hydrogen Production Technologies 486 19.4 Current Challenges and Future Prospective 497 19.5 Conclusion 500 References 501 20 Green Hydrogen Policies and Regulations 511 Loubna Bouhachlaf, Maria Benbouzid, Najoua Labjar and Souad El Hajjaji 20.1 Introduction 512 20.2 Key Regions Leading Green Hydrogen Production Around the World 515 20.3 Global Green Hydrogen Policies and Initiatives 531 20.4 Leading Green Hydrogen Regulations 533 20.5 Conclusion 537 References 538 Index 545
Najoua Labjar is a professor in the Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers (ENSAM) at Université Mohammed V. She has authored and co-authored over 70 articles and book chapters and coordinates engineering courses on materials, quality, and environmental engineering. Her research focuses on materials science, the recovery and treatment of water and waste, and life cycle analysis approaches, particularly for monitoring and assessing environmental impacts. Souad El Hajjaji is a material, water, and environmental sciences professor at University Mohammed V. She has published over 250 peer-reviewed scientific papers and book chapters. Her research interests include the development of new processes for wastewater treatments, solid waste valorization, monitoring of pesticides and emergent pollutants in water and soil, and the management of water resources. Chandrabhan Verma, PhD is a researcher at the Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials at the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. He serves as a reviewer for several international journals and is a member of the American Chemical Society. His research focuses on synthesizing and designing environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors useful for several industrial applications. Shikha Dubey, PhD is an assistant professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry at Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University. She has synthesized various nanomaterials via simple precipitation methods and green routes to treat metal-laden water and wastewater during her research. Her research interests include nanobiomaterial synthesis and characterization, development of low-cost adsorbents, nanoadsorbents, magnetic nanosorbents for water remediation, and green synthesis of materials, and characterization and applications in environmental remediation.
