Through ten editions, Fox and McDonald's Introduction to Fluid Mechanics has helped students understand the physical concepts, basic principles, and analysis methods of fluid mechanics. This market-leading textbook provides a balanced, systematic approach to mastering critical concepts with the proven Fox-McDonald solution methodology. In-depth yet accessible chapters present governing equations, clearly state assumptions, and relate mathematical results to corresponding physical behavior. Emphasis is placed on the use of control volumes to support a practical, theoretically-inclusive problem-solving approach to the subject.
Each comprehensive chapter includes numerous, easy-to-follow examples that illustrate good solution technique and explain challenging points. A broad range of carefully selected topics describe how to apply the governing equations to various problems, and explain physical concepts to enable students to model real-world fluid flow situations. Topics include flow measurement, dimensional analysis and similitude, flow in pipes, ducts, and open channels, fluid machinery, and more. To enhance student learning, the book incorporates numerous pedagogical features including chapter summaries and learning objectives, end-of-chapter problems, useful equations, and design and open-ended problems that encourage students to apply fluid mechanics principles to the design of devices and systems.
Content available in eBook Student solution available in interactive e-text Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 2 Note to Students 2 Scope of Fluid Mechanics 3 Definition of a Fluid 3 1.2 Basic Equations 4 1.3 Methods of Analysis 5 System and Control Volume 6 Differential versus Integral Approach 7 Methods of Description 7 1.4 Dimensions and Units 9 Systems of Dimensions 9 Systems of Units 10 Preferred Systems of Units 11 Dimensional Consistency and “Engineering” Equations 11 1.5 Analysis of Experimental Error 13 1.6 Summary 14 References 14 Chapter 2 Fundamental Concepts 15 2.1 Fluid as a Continuum 16 2.2 Velocity Field 17 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 18 Timelines, Pathlines, Streaklines, and Streamlines 19 2.3 Stress Field 23 2.4 Viscosity 25 Newtonian Fluid 26 Non-Newtonian Fluids 28 2.5 Surface Tension 29 2.6 Description and Classification of Fluid Motions 30 Viscous and Inviscid Flows 32 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 34 Compressible and Incompressible Flows 34 Internal and External Flows 35 2.7 Summary and Useful Equations 36 References 37 Chapter 3 Fluid Statics 38 3.1 The Basic Equation of Fluid Statics 39 3.2 The Standard Atmosphere 42 3.3 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid 43 Incompressible Liquids: Manometers 43 Gases 48 3.4 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces 50 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Submerged Surface 50 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Submerged Surface 57 3.5 Buoyancy and Stability 60 3.6 Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion 63 3.7 Summary and Useful Equations 68 References 69 Chapter 4 Basic Equations in Integral Form for a Control Volume 70 4.1 Basic Laws for a System 71 Conservation of Mass 71 Newton’s Second Law 72 The Angular-Momentum Principle 72 The First Law of Thermodynamics 72 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 73 4.2 Relation of System Derivatives to the Control Volume Formulation 73 Derivation 74 Physical Interpretation 76 4.3 Conservation of Mass 77 Special Cases 78 4.4 Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume 82 Differential Control Volume Analysis 93 Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity 97 4.5 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration 99 4.6 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Arbitrary Acceleration 105 4.7 The Angular-Momentum Principle 110 Equation for Fixed Control Volume 110 Equation for Rotating Control Volume 114 4.8 The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics 118 Rate of Work Done by a Control Volume 119 Control Volume Equation 121 4.9 Summary and Useful Equations 125 Chapter 5 Introduction to Differential Analysis of Fluid Motion 128 5.1 Conservation of Mass 129 Rectangular Coordinate System 129 Cylindrical Coordinate System 133 5.2 Stream Function for Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow 135 5.3 Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics) 137 Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field 138 Fluid Rotation 144 Fluid Deformation 147 5.4 Momentum Equation 151 Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle 151 Differential Momentum Equation 152 Newtonian Fluid: Navier–Stokes Equations 152 5.5 Summary and Useful Equations 160 References 161 Chapter 6 Incompressible Inviscid Flow 162 6.1 Momentum Equation for Frictionless Flow: Euler’s Equation 163 6.2 Bernoulli Equation: Integration of Euler’s Equation Along a Streamline for Steady Flow 167 Derivation Using Streamline Coordinates 167 Derivation Using Rectangular Coordinates 168 Static, Stagnation, and Dynamic Pressures 169 Applications 171 Cautions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation 176 6.3 The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted as an Energy Equation 177 6.4 Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line 181 6.5 Unsteady Bernoulli Equation: Integration of Euler’s Equation Along a Streamline 183 6.6 Irrotational Flow 185 Bernoulli Equation Applied to Irrotational Flow 185 Velocity Potential 186 Stream Function and Velocity Potential for Two-Dimensional, Irrotational, Incompressible Flow: Laplace’s Equation 187 Elementary Plane Flows 189 Superposition of Elementary Plane Flows 191 6.7 Summary and Useful Equations 200 References 201 Chapter 7 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude 202 7.1 Nondimensionalizing the Basic Differential Equations 204 7.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem 206 7.3 Significant Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics 212 7.4 Flow Similarity and Model Studies 214 Incomplete Similarity 216 Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters 221 Comments on Model Testing 224 7.5 Summary and Useful Equations 225 References 226 Chapter 8 Internal Incompressible Viscous Flow 227 8.1 Internal Flow Characteristics 228 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow 228 The Entrance Region 229 Part A. Fully Developed Laminar Flow 230 8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow Between Infinite Parallel Plates 230 Both Plates Stationary 230 Upper Plate Moving with Constant Speed, U 236 8.3 Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe 241 Part B. Flow in Pipes and Ducts 245 8.4 Shear Stress Distribution in Fully Developed Pipe Flow 246 8.5 Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully Developed Pipe Flow 247 8.6 Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow 251 Kinetic Energy Coefficient 252 Head Loss 252 8.7 Calculation of Head Loss 253 Major Losses: Friction Factor 253 Minor Losses 258 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers in Fluid Systems 262 Noncircular Ducts 262 8.8 Solution of Pipe Flow Problems 263 Single-Path Systems 264 Multiple-Path Systems 276 Part C. Flow Measurement 279 8.9 Restriction Flow Meters for Internal Flows 279 The Orifice Plate 282 The Flow Nozzle 286 The Venturi 286 The Laminar Flow Element 287 Linear Flow Meters 288 Traversing Methods 289 8.10 Summary and Useful Equations 290 References 292 Chapter 9 External Incompressible Viscous Flow 293 Part A. Boundary Layers 295 9.1 The Boundary Layer Concept 295 9.2 Laminar Flat Plate Boundary Layer: Exact Solution 299 9.3 Momentum Integral Equation 302 9.4 Use of the Momentum Integral Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient 306 Laminar Flow 307 Turbulent Flow 311 9.5 Pressure Gradients in Boundary Layer Flow 314 Part B. Fluid Flow About Immersed Bodies 316 9.6 Drag 316 Pure Friction Drag: Flow over a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow 317 Pure Pressure Drag: Flow over a Flat Plate Normal to the Flow 320 Friction and Pressure Drag: Flow over a Sphere and Cylinder 320 Streamlining 326 9.7 Lift 328 9.8 Summary and Useful Equations 340 References 342 Chapter 10 Fluid Machinery 343 10.1 Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines 344 Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid 344 Machines for Extracting Work (Power) from a Fluid 346 Scope of Coverage 348 10.2 Turbomachinery Analysis 348 The Angular Momentum Principle: The Euler Turbomachine Equation 348 Velocity Diagrams 350 Performance—Hydraulic Power 352 Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed 353 10.3 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers 358 Application of Euler Turbomachine Equation to Centrifugal Pumps 358 Application of the Euler Equation to Axial Flow Pumps and Fans 359 Performance Characteristics 362 Similarity Rules 367 Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head 371 Pump Selection: Applications to Fluid Systems 374 Blowers and Fans 380 10.4 Positive Displacement Pumps 384 10.5 Hydraulic Turbines 387 Hydraulic Turbine Theory 387 Performance Characteristics for Hydraulic Turbines 389 10.6 Propellers and Wind Turbines 395 Propellers 395 Wind Turbines 400 10.7 Compressible Flow Turbomachines 406 Application of the Energy Equation to a Compressible Flow Machine 406 Compressors 407 Compressible-Flow Turbines 410 10.8 Summary and Useful Equations 410 References 412 Chapter 11 Flow in Open Channels 414 11.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions 416 Simplifying Assumptions 416 Channel Geometry 418 Speed of Surface Waves and the Froude Number 419 11.2 Energy Equation for Open-Channel Flows 423 Specific Energy 425 Critical Depth: Minimum Specific Energy 426 11.3 Localized Effect of Area Change (Frictionless Flow) 431 Flow over a Bump 431 11.4 The Hydraulic Jump 435 Depth Increase Across a Hydraulic Jump 438 Head Loss Across a Hydraulic Jump 439 11.5 Steady Uniform Flow 441 The Manning Equation for Uniform Flow 443 Energy Equation for Uniform Flow 448 Optimum Channel Cross Section 450 11.6 Flow with Gradually Varying Depth 451 Calculation of Surface Profiles 452 11.7 Discharge Measurement Using Weirs 455 Suppressed Rectangular Weir 455 Contracted Rectangular Weirs 456 Triangular Weir 456 Broad-Crested Weir 457 11.8 Summary and Useful Equations 458 References 459 Chapter 12 Introduction to Compressible Flow 460 12.1 Review of Thermodynamics 461 12.2 Propagation of Sound Waves 467 Speed of Sound 467 Types of Flow—The Mach Cone 471 12.3 Reference State: Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties 473 Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties for the Flow of an Ideal Gas 474 12.4 Critical Conditions 480 12.5 Basic Equations for One-Dimensional Compressible Flow 480 Continuity Equation 481 Momentum Equation 481 First Law of Thermodynamics 481 Second Law of Thermodynamics 482 Equation of State 483 12.6 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas: Area Variation 483 Subsonic Flow, M Supersonic Flow, M >1 486 Sonic Flow, M =1 486 Reference Stagnation and Critical Conditions for Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 487 Isentropic Flow in a Converging Nozzle 492 Isentropic Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle 496 12.7 Normal Shocks 501 Basic Equations for a Normal Shock 501 Normal-Shock Flow Functions for One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas 503 12.8 Supersonic Channel Flow with Shocks 507 12.9 Summary and Useful Equations 509 References 511 Problems (Available in e-text for students) P-1 Appendix A Fluid Property Data A-1 Appendix B Videos for Fluid Mechanics A-13 Appendix C Selected Performance Curves for Pumps and Fans A-15 Appendix D Flow Functions for Computation of Compressible Flow A-26 Appendix E Analysis of Experimental Uncertainty A-29 Appendix F Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics A-35 Index I-1
