Foundations of College Chemistry, 16th edition presents chemistry as a modern, vital subject and is designed to make introductory chemistry accessible to all beginning students. It is intended for students who have never taken a chemistry course or those who had a significant interruption in their studies but plan to continue with the general chemistry sequence. The central focus is to make chemistry interesting and understandable and teach students the problem-solving skills they will need.
This International Adaptation offers new and updated content with improved presentation of all course material. It builds on the strengths of previous editions, including clear explanations and step-by-step problem solving. The material emphasizes real-world applications of chemistry as the authors develop the principles that form the foundation for the further study of chemistry. There is new and expanded coverage of polarizing power and polarizability – Fajans' rules, collision number and mean free path, abnormal molecular masses and van't Hoff factor, and applications of radioactivity.
1 An Introduction to Chemistry 1 1.1 The Nature of Chemistry 1 1.2 A Scientific Approach to Problem Solving 3 Chemistry in Action: Egyptians, the First Medicinal Chemists 4 1.3 The Particulate Nature of Matter 5 1.4 Classifying Matter 7 2 Standards for Measurement 15 2.1 Scientific Notation 15 2.2 Measurement and Uncertainty 17 2.3 Significant Figures 18 2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations 20 2.5 The Metric System 23 Chemistry in Action: Keeping Track of Units 27 2.6 Dimensional Analysis: A Problem-Solving Method 29 2.7 Percent 32 2.8 Measurement of Temperature 35 2.9 Density 37 Case Study: A Googol of Atoms 41 3 Elements and Compounds 51 3.1 Elements 51 Chemistry in Action: Naming Elements 56 3.2 Introduction to the Periodic Table 56 Chemistry in Action: Smartphone Elements 59 3.3 Compounds and Formulas 60 4 Properties of Matter 71 4.1 Properties of Substances 71 Chemistry in Action: Making Money 73 4.2 Physical and Chemical Changes 74 4.3 Learning to Solve Problems 77 4.4 Energy 77 4.5 Heat: Quantitative Measurement 79 4.6 Energy in the Real World 81 Chemistry in Action: Popping Popcorn 82 Case Study: A Cool Glass of Water: A Mystery 83 5 Early Atomic Theory and Structure 91 5.1 Dalton's Model of the Atom 91 5.2 Electric Charge 92 5.3 Subatomic Parts of the Atom 94 5.4 The Nuclear Atom 96 5.5 Isotopes of the Elements 98 Chemistry in Action: Isotope Detectives 100 5.6 Atomic Mass 100 Case Study: Thinking Inside the Box 102 6 Modern Atomic Theory and the Periodic Table 109 6.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 109 Chemistry in Action: You Light Up My Life 111 6.2 The Bohr Atom 111 6.3 Energy Levels of Electrons 113 Chemistry in Action: Atomic Clocks 115 6.4 Atomic Structures of the First 18 Elements 116 6.5 Electron Structures and the Periodic Table 119 Chemistry in Action: Collecting the Elements 120 7 Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms 131 7.1 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties 131 7.2 The Ionic Bond: Transfer of Electrons from One Atom to Another 134 7.3 Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds 140 7.4 The Covalent Bond: Sharing Electrons 141 7.5 Electronegativity 143 Chemistry in Action: Trans-forming Fats 145 7.6 Polarizing Power and Polarizability--Fajans' Rules 146 7.7 Lewis Structures of Compounds 147 Chemistry in Action: Strong Enough to Stop a Bullet? 151 7.8 Complex Lewis Structures 151 7.9 Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions 153 7.10 Molecular Shape 153 Case Study: An Analysis of Martian Molecules 157 8 Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds 167 8.1 Common and Systematic Names 167 8.2 Elements and Ions 168 Chemistry in Action: What's in a Name? 170 8.3 Writing Formulas from Names of Ionic Compounds 172 8.4 Naming Binary Compounds 174 8.5 Naming Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions 179 8.6 Acids 180 9 Quantitative Composition of Compounds 191 9.1 The Mole Concept 191 9.2 Molar Mass of Compounds 196 9.3 Percent Composition of Compounds 199 Chemistry in Action: Feeling the Molecular Heat? 202 9.4 Calculating Empirical Formulas 202 9.5 Calculating the Molecular Formula from the Empirical Formula 205 Case Study: Avogadro Goes to Court 207 10 Chemical Equations 217 10.1 The Chemical Equation 217 10.2 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations 219 10.3 Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur? 224 10.4 Types of Chemical Equations 225 Chemistry in Action: CO Poisoning--A Silent Killer 226 10.5 Heat in Chemical Reactions 231 10.6 Climate Change: The Greenhouse Effect 235 11 Calculations from Chemical Equations 245 11.1 Introduction to Stoichiometry 245 11.2 Mole--Mole Calculations 248 11.3 Mole--Mass Calculations 250 11.4 Mass--Mass Calculations 252 Chemistry in Action: A Shrinking Technology 254 11.5 Limiting Reactant and Yield Calculations 254 12 The Gaseous State of Matter 269 12.1 Properties of Gases 269 Chemistry in Action: What the Nose Knows 273 12.2 Boyle's Law 274 12.3 Charles' Law 277 12.4 Avogadro's Law 280 12.5 Combined Gas Laws 282 12.6 Ideal Gas Law 285 12.7 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures 289 Chemistry in Action: Air Quality 291 12.8 Density of Gases 291 12.9 Gas Stoichiometry 292 Case Study: Deflategate: A Real Application of the Ideal Gas Law 296 13 Liquids 307 13.1 States of Matter: A Review 307 13.2 Properties of Liquids 308 13.3 Boiling Point and Melting Point 311 Chemistry in Action: Chemical Eye Candy 313 13.4 Changes of State 313 13.5 Intermolecular Forces 315 Chemistry in Action: How Sweet It Is! 318 13.6 Water, a Unique Liquid 320 Chemistry in Action: Reverse Osmosis? 322 Case Study: Cooking Under Pressure 323 14 Solutions 333 14.1 General Properties of Solutions 333 14.2 Solubility 335 14.3 Rate of Dissolving Solids 339 14.4 Concentration of Solutions 341 14.5 Colligative Properties of Solutions 349 Chemistry in Action: The Scoop on Ice Cream 354 14.6 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 354 Case Study: Water Can Kill? Exploring the Effects of Osmosis 356 15 Acids, Bases, and Salts 367 15.1 Acids and Bases 367 Chemistry in Action: Drug Delivery: An Acid--Base Problem 371 15.2 Salts 372 Chemistry in Action: A Cool Fizz 373 15.3 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes 373 15.4 Introduction to pH 378 15.5 Neutralization 381 15.6 Writing Net Ionic Equations 383 Chemistry in Action: Ocean Corals Threatened by Increasing Atmospheric CO2 Levels 385 16 Chemical Equilibrium 393 16.1 Rates of Reaction 393 16.2 Chemical Equilibrium 394 16.3 Le Châtelier's Principle 396 Chemistry in Action: New Ways in Fighting Cavities and Avoiding the Drill 403 16.4 Equilibrium Constants 403 16.5 Ion Product Constant for Water 405 16.6 Ionization Constants 407 16.7 Solubility Product Constant 409 16.8 Buffer Solutions: The Control of pH 412 Chemistry in Action: Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood 414 Case Study: Acids, pH, and Buffers 415 17 Oxidation--Reduction 425 17.1 Oxidation Number 425 17.2 Balancing Oxidation--Reduction Equations 430 17.3 Balancing Ionic Redox Equations 434 17.4 Activity Series of Metals 437 17.5 Electrolytic and Voltaic Cells 439 Case Study: Breaking Bad: Real or Hollywood Science? 443 18 Nuclear Chemistry 453 18.1 Discovery of Radioactivity 453 18.2 Alpha Particles, Beta Particles, and Gamma Rays 456 18.3 Radioactive Disintegration Series 460 18.4 Measurement of Radioactivity 462 18.5 Nuclear Energy 463 18.6 Mass--Energy Relationship in Nuclear Reactions 467 18.7 Applications of Radioactivity 468 18.8 Biological Effects of Radiation 470 Chemistry in Action: A Window into Living Organisms 471 Case Study: The Benign Hamburger 472 19 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 479 19.1 The Beginnings of Organic Chemistry 479 19.2 Why Carbon? 480 19.3 Alkanes 482 19.4 Alkenes and Alkynes 490 19.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 494 19.6 Hydrocarbon Derivatives 498 19.7 Alcohols 500 19.8 Ethers 504 19.9 Aldehydes and Ketones 506 19.10 Carboxylic Acids 508 19.11 Esters 510 Chemistry in Action: Getting Clothes CO2 Clean! 511 19.12 Polymers--Macromolecules 512 Case Study: Dust to Dust 514 20 Introduction to Biochemistry 527 20.1 Chemistry in Living Organisms 527 20.2 Carbohydrates 528 20.3 Lipids 533 20.4 Amino Acids and Proteins 537 Chemistry in Action: The Taste of Umami 541 20.5 Enzymes 542 20.6 Nucleic Acids, DNA, and Genetics 544 Case Study: A Light Lunch? 550 Appendix 1 Mathematical Review 557 Appendix 2 Units of Measurement 567 Appendix 3 Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures 569 Appendix 4 Solubility Table 571 Appendix 5 Answers to Selected Exercises 573 Glossary 589 Index 597
