Evaluation and Management of Blepharoptosis

Part I. Introduction.- 1.Introduction.- 2.The History of Ptosis Surgery.- 3.Eyelid Anatomy and Physiology with Reference to Blepharoptosis.- Part II.Approach to the Ptosis Patient.- 4.Risk Factor Assessment Prior to Ptosis Surgery.- 5.Ptosis: Nailing the diagnosis, and considering the differential diagnosis.- 6.Preoperative Decision Making in Ptosis Surgery.- Part III.Ptosis Subtypes.- 7.Pseudoptosis.- 8.Congenital ptosis.- 9.Involutional ptosis.- 10.Myogenic ptosis.- 11.Myasthenia Gravis.- 12.Neurogenic Blepharoptosis.- 13.Traumatic Blepharoptosis.- 14.Anophthalmic Ptosis.- 15.Lash Ptosis.- Part IV.Treatment.- A.Nonsurgical Options.- 16.The Non-Surgical Treatment of Ptosis.- B.Surgical Treatment.- 17.External levator resection.- 18.Minimal Dissection, Small Incision Ptosis Correction.- 19.Müllers muscle-conjunctival resection (posterior approach).- 20.Open sky Muller’s muscle resection for the correction of blepharoptosis.- 21.The Fasanella Servat procedure for ptosis.- 22.Full-Thickness Eyelid Resection for Blepharoptosis Correction.- 23.Frontalis Suspension for the Correction of Blepharoptosis.- Part V.Other Considerations.- 24.In-Office Surgery, Anesthesia and Analgesia.- 25.Ethnic and Gender Considerations in Ptosis Surgery.- 26.Aesthetic Considerations for the Ptosis Surgeon.- 27.Challenging Ptosis Scenarios.- 28.Ptosis surgery: Comparing different surgical techniques.- 29.Ptosis Surgery Failure and Reoperation.- 30.Complications of Ptosis Repair: Prevention and Management.- 31.Commentary: Perspective of a risk manager—12 Steps of a Successful Surgical Encounter.- 32. Conclusion.