Essentials of Parrot Medicine

List of Contributors x Preface xi Acknowledgements xii Introduction xiii 1 Parrot Biology 1 1.1 Anatomy and Physiology 1 Mariah Harrington 1.2 Natural History of Parrots 10 Felipe Martinho 2 Diet and Husbandry 18 2.1 An Approach to Nutrition and Nutritional Disease in Pet Parrots 18 Brian Stockdale 2.2 Breeding and Rearing of Pet Parrots 31 John Chitty 2.3 Husbandry of Pet Parrots 34 John Chitty 3 Parrot Behaviour, Training and Behavioural Disease 37 John Chitty 4 Handling 46 Cheryl Ramsbottom 5 Transport 50 Cheryl Ramsbottom 6 Reception Skills 53 Cheryl Ramsbottom 7 Clinical Examination and History Taking 55 Aidan Raftery and Cheryl Ramsbottom 8 Therapeutics and Basic Techniques 65 8.1 Oral Dosing and Crop Tubing 65 Natalie Wissinck-Argilaga 8.2 Injection Techniques and Fluid Therapy 68 Lianne Foxall 8.3 Grooming Techniques 71 Natalie Wissinck-Argilaga 8.4 Microchip Placement 79 Natalie Wissinck-Argilaga 8.5 Leg Ring Placement and Removal 81 Natalie Wissinck-Argilaga 8.6 Nasal Flush 84 Aidan Raftery 8.7 Blood Feathers and Imping 86 Aidan Raftery 8.8 Air Sac Cannula/Tube 88 Zacharias Vougioukalos 9 Clinical Pathology and Faecal Examination 91 9.1 Clinical Pathology of Parrots 91 John Chitty 9.2 Parasitology 104 John Chitty 10 Euthanasia 107 John Chitty and Aidan Raftery 11 Post-mortem Examination 109 Charlotte Li 12 Imaging 115 12.1 Radiography 115 Cristian Segura-Cortijos 12.2 Ultrasonography 122 Elisa Gonzalez 12.3 Advanced Imaging 125 John Chitty 13 Endoscopy 130 Aidan Raftery 14 Anaesthesia and Analgesia 135 14.1 General Anaesthesia 135 Aidan Raftery 14.2 Parrot Analgesia 141 John Chitty 15 Surgery 144 15.1 Principles of Avian Surgery 144 Aidan Raftery 15.2 Peri-operative Care 146 Aidan Raftery and Amy Shawcross 15.3 Surgery of the Skin 150 Aidan Raftery 15.4 Surgery of the Respiratory Tract 152 15.4.1 Rhinoliths 152 Zacharias Vougioukalos 15.4.2 Surgery of Infraorbital Sinuses 154 Zacharias Vougioukalos 15.4.3 Tracheal–Syringeal Obstruction 157 Zacharias Vougioukalos 15.5.1 Caudal Coeliotomy 162 Zacharias Vougioukalos 15.5.2 Coelomic (Abdominal) Hernias–Pseudohernias 170 Zacharias Vougioukalos 15.6 Gastrointestinal Surgery 173 Aidan Raftery 15.7 Reproductive Surgery 176 15.7.1 Female Reproductive Tract Surgery 176 Zacharias Vougioukalos 15.7.2 Male Reproductive Tract Surgery 181 Zacharias Vougioukalos 15.8 Cloacal Surgery 184 Rebecca Hindley 15.9 Fracture Repair Principals 188 Aidan Raftery 15.10 Biopsy Techniques 190 John Chitty 16 Hospitalisation and Nursing Care 192 Amy Shawcross 17 Problem-Based Approaches 195 17.1 The Fluffed Bird 195 John Chitty 17.2 The Thin Bird 198 John Chitty 17.3 Vomiting and Regurgitation 201 Cristian Segura-Cortijos 17.4 Loose or Abnormal Droppings 204 Lourdes Lavilla-Atienza 17.5 Seizures 208 Federica Fogli 17.6 Collapse 210 Federica Fogli 17.7 Coelomic Distension 212 John Chitty 17.8 Chronic Egg Laying and Egg Retention/Dystocia 215 Federica Fogli 17.9 Prolapse 218 Federica Fogli 17.10 Feather and Skin Disorders 221 John Chitty 17.11 Lumps 229 John Chitty 17.12 Lameness 232 John Chitty 17.13 Dropped Wings 236 John Chitty 17.14 Respiratory Changes Including Change in Voice 239 Lianne Foxall 17.15 Upper Respiratory Tract Disease and Nasal Discharge 244 Lianne Foxall 17.16 Eye Diseases 246 Lourdes Lavilla-Atienza 17.17 Parasites 252 John Chitty Appendix A: Formulary of Commonly Used Drugs 257 John Chitty Appendix B: Important Infectious Diseases of Parrots 263 John Chitty Appendix C: Important Toxicoses in Pet Parrots 269 Federica Fogli Appendix D: Typical Weights of Normal Parrots 273 John Chitty Index 275