ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS IN MRI
A concise and complete introductory treatment of NMR and MRI
Essential Concepts in MRI delivers the first comprehensive look at magnetic resonance imaging with a practical focus on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy applications. The book includes the essential components of MRI and NMR and is written for anyone new to the field of MRI who seeks to gain a complete understanding of all four essential components of MRI: physics theory, instrumentation, spectroscopy, and imaging.
Highly visual and including numerous full color figures that provide crucial graphical descriptions of key concepts discussed in the book, Essential Concepts in MRI includes discussions of quantitative and creative MRI, as well as spatial mapping in MRI and the effects of the field gradient and k-space imaging. The book also covers:
A thorough introduction to essential concepts in nuclear magnetic resonance, including classical descriptions of NMR and quantum mechanical descriptions of NMR Comprehensive explorations of essential concepts in NMR instrumentation, including magnets, radio-frequency coils, transmitters, and receivers Practical discussions of essential concepts in NMR spectroscopy, including simple 1D spectroscopy, double resonance, and dipolar interactions in two-spin systems In-depth examinations of essential concepts in MRI, including the design of MRI pulse sequences and the elements of MRI instrumentation, with a special focus on quantitative MRI
Essential Concepts in MRI is a must-read reference for upper-level undergraduate and postgraduate students in the physical and medical sciences, especially radiology, MRI, and imaging courses. It is also essential for students and researchers in the biomedical sciences and engineering.
By:
Yang Xia
Imprint: Wiley-Blackwell
Country of Publication: United States
Dimensions:
Height: 252mm,
Width: 201mm,
Spine: 20mm
Weight: 862g
ISBN: 9781119798217
ISBN 10: 1119798213
Pages: 368
Publication Date: 07 July 2022
Audience:
Professional and scholarly
,
Undergraduate
Format: Paperback
Publisher's Status: Active
Preface xi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Major Steps in an NMR or MRI Experiment, and Two Conventions in Direction 2 1.3 Major Milestones in the History of NMR and MRI 4 1.4 The Organization for a One-semester Course 6 Part I Essential Concepts in NMR 9 Chapter 2 Classical Description of Magnetic Resonance 11 2.1 Fundamental Assumptions 11 2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Moment 12 2.3 The Time Evolution of Nuclear Magnetic Moment 15 2.4 Macroscopic Magnetization 16 2.5 Rotating Reference Frame 18 2.6 Spin Relaxation Processes 22 2.7 Bloch Equation 24 2.8 Fourier Transform and Spectral Line Shapes 25 2.9 CW NMR 28 2.10 Radio-frequency Pulses in NMR 29 2.11 FT NMR 30 2.12 Signal Detection in NMR 32 2.13 Phases of the NMR Signal 33 Chapter 3 Quantum Mechanical Description of Magnetic Resonance 37 3.1 Nuclear Magnetism 37 3.2 Energy Difference 39 3.3 Macroscopic Magnetization 40 3.4 Measurement of the X Component of Angular Momentum 41 3.5 Macroscopic Magnetization for Spin 1/2 42 3.6 Resonant Excitation 43 3.7 Mechanisms of Spin Relaxation 43 Chapter 4 Nuclear Interactions 51 4.1 Dipolar Interaction 51 4.2 Chemical Shift Interaction 54 4.3 Scalar Interaction 57 4.4 Quadrupole Interaction 61 4.5 Summary of Nuclear Interactions 61 Part II Essential Concepts in NMR Instrumentation 65 Chapter 5 Instrumentation 67 5.1 Magnets 67 5.2 Radio-frequency Coil, Its Resonant Circuitry, and the Probe 72 5.3 Frequency Management 75 5.4 Transmitter 76 5.5 Receiver 78 5.6 Pulse Programmer and Computer 78 5.7 Other Components 78 Chapter 6 NMR Experimental 81 6.1 Shimming 81 6.2 Preparing Samples 82 6.3 Pulse Sequences and FID 83 6.4 Digitization Rate and Digital Resolution 85 6.5 Dynamic Range 87 6.6 Phase Cycling 89 6.7 Data Accumulation 91 6.8 Pre-FFT Processing Techniques 92 6.9 Fast Fourier Transform 95 6.10 Post-FFT Processing 95 6.11 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 97 Chapter 7 Spin Manipulations by Pulse Sequences 101 7.1 Single Pulse: 90˚| X , 90˚| Y , 90˚| -x , 90˚| -y 101 7.2 Inversion Recovery Sequence, Saturation Recovery Sequence, and T1 Relaxation 103 7.3 Spin-Echo Sequence (Hahn Echo) and T2 Relaxation 106 7.4 CPMG Echo Train 110 7.5 Stimulated Echo Sequence 111 7.6 Spin-locking and T 1ρ Relaxation 112 7.7 How to Select the Delays in Relaxation Measurement 113 Part III Essential Concepts in NMR Spectroscopy 117 Chapter 8 First-order 1D Spectroscopy 119 8.1 Nomenclature of the Spin System 119 8.2 Peak Shift – the Effect of Chemical Shift 120 8.3 Peak Area – Reflecting the Number of Protons 122 8.4 Peak Splitting – the Consequence of J Coupling 122 8.5 Examples of 1D Spectra 128 Chapter 9 Advanced Topics in Spectroscopy 137 9.1 Double Resonance 137 9.2 Dipolar Interaction in a Two-spin System 141 9.3 Magic Angle 142 9.4 Chemical Exchange 143 9.5 Magnetization Transfer 144 9.6 Selective Polarization Inversion/ Transfer 146 9.7 Radiation Damping 147 Chapter 10 2D NMR Spectroscopy 151 10.1 Essence of 2D NMR Spectroscopy 151 10.2 COSY – Correlation Spectroscopy 153 10.3 J-resolved Spectroscopy 157 10.4 Examples of 2D NMR Spectroscopy 162 Part IV Essential Concepts in MRI 167 Chapter 11 Effect of the Field Gradient and k-space Imaging 169 11.1 Spatially Encoding Nuclear Spin Magnetization 170 11.2 k Space in MRI 173 11.3 Mapping of k Space 174 11.4 Gradient Echo 174 Chapter 12 Spatial Mapping in MRI 179 12.1 Slice Selection in 2D MRI 180 12.2 Reading a Graphical Imaging Sequence 186 12.3 2D Filtered Back-Projection Reconstruction 189 12.4 2D Fourier Imaging Reconstruction191 12.5 Sampling Patterns Between the Cartesian and Radial Grids 194 12.6 3D Imaging 196 12.7 Fast Imaging in MRI 198 12.8 Ultra-short Echo and ZTE MRI 202 12.9 MRI in Other Dimensions (4D, 1D, and One Voxel) 203 12.10 Resolution in MRI 206 Chapter 13 Imaging Instrumentation and Experiments 209 13.1 Shaped Pulses 209 13.2 The Gradient Units 211 13.3 Instrumentation Configurations for MRI 215 13.4 Imaging Parameters in MRI 217 13.5 Image Processing Software 219 13.6 Best Test Samples for MRI 219 Part V Quantitative and Creative MRI 223 Chapter 14 Image Contrast in MRI 225 14.1 Non-trivial Relationship Between Spin Density and Image Intensity 225 14.2 Image Contrast in MRI 227 14.3 How to Obtain Useful Information from Image Contrast? 229 14.4 Magnetization-prepared Sequences in Quantitative MRI 231 Chapter 15 Quantitative MRI 235 15.1 Quantitative Imaging of Velocity V and Molecular Diffusion D 235 15.2 Quantitative Imaging of Relaxation Times T1 , T2 , T1ρ 247 15.3 Quantitative Imaging of Chemical Shift δ 254 15.4 Secondary Image Contrasts in MRI259 15.5 Potential Issues and Practical Strategies in Quantitative MRI 264 Chapter 16 Advanced Topics in Quantitative MRI 275 16.1 Anisotropy and Tensor Properties in Quantitative MRI 277 16.2 Multi-Component Nature in Quantitative MRI 285 16.3 Quantitative Phase Information in the FID Data – SWI and QSM 288 16.4 Functional MRI (fMRI) 290 16.5 Optical Pumping and Hyperpolarization in MRI 290 Chapter 17 Reading the Binary Data 295 17.1 Formats of Data 295 17.2 Formats of Data Storage 296 17.3 Reading Unknown Binary Data 298 17.4 Examples of Specific Formats 301 Appendices 305 Appendix 1 Background in Mathematics 307 A1.1 Elementary Mathematics 307 A1.2 Fourier Transform 311 Appendix 2 Background in Quantum Mechanics 317 A2.1 Operators 317 A2.2 Expansion of a Wave Function 319 A2.3 Spin Operator I 320 A2.4 Raising and Lowering Operators I + and I - 320 A2.5 Spin-1/2 Operator (in the Formalism of Pauli’s Spin Matrices) 321 A2.6 Density Matrix Operator ρ 323 Appendix 3 Background in Electronics 325 A3.1 Ohm’s Law for DC and AC Circuits 325 A3.2 Electronics at Radio Frequency 327 Appendix 4 Sample Syllabi for a One-semester Course 329 Appendix 5 Homework Problems 331 Index 337
Yang Xia, PhD, is Distinguished Professor of Physics in the Department of Physics at Oakland University, USA. Dr. Xia is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering.
