Essential Biochemistry, International Adaptation

Part 1 FOUNDATIONS 1 The Chemical Basis of Life 1.1 What Is Biochemistry? 1.2 The Origin of Cells 1.3 Biological Molecules 1.4 Energy and Metabolism   2 Aqueous Chemistry 2.1 Water Molecules and Hydrogen Bonds 2.2 The Hydrophobic Effect 2.3 Acid–Base Chemistry 2.4 Tools and Techniques: Buffers 2.5 Clinical Connection: Physiological Buffers   Part 2 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 3 Nucleic Acid Structure and Function 3.1 Nitrogenous Bases 3.2 Nucleic Acid Structure 3.3 The Central Dogma 3.4 Genomics   4 Amino Acid and Protein Structure 4.1 Amino Acids, the Building Blocks of Proteins 4.2 Secondary Structure: The Conformation of the Peptide Group 4.3 Tertiary Structure and Protein Stability 4.4 Quaternary Structure 4.5 Clinical Connection: Protein Misfolding and Disease 4.6 Tools and Techniques: Analyzing Protein Structure   5 Protein Function 5.1 Myoglobin and Hemoglobin: Oxygen-Binding Proteins 5.2 Clinical Connection: Hemoglobin Variants 5.3 Structural Proteins 5.4 Motor Proteins 5.5 Antibodies   6 Enzymes: Classification and Catalysis 6.1 What Is an Enzyme? 6.2 Chemical Catalytic Mechanisms 6.3 Unique Properties of Enzyme Catalysts 6.4 Chymotrypsin in Context 6.5 Clinical Connection: Blood Coagulation   7 Enzyme Kinetics and Inhibition 7.1 Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics 7.2 The Michaelis–Menten Equation for an Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction 7.3 Enzyme Inhibition 7.4 Clinical Connection: Drug Development   8 Lipids and Biological Membranes 8.1 Lipids 8.2 The Lipid Bilayer 8.3 Membrane Proteins 8.4 The Fluid Mosaic Model   9 Membrane Transport 9.1 The Thermodynamics of Membrane Transport 9.2 Passive Transport 9.3 Active Transport 9.4 Membrane Fusion 10 Signaling 10.1 General Features of Signaling Pathways 10.2 G Protein Signaling Pathways 10.3 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases 10.4 Lipid Hormone Signaling   11 Carbohydrates 11.1 Monosaccharides 11.2 Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Polysaccharides 11.3 Glycoconjugates: Glycoproteins, Glycolipids, and Proteoglycans 11.4 Clinical Connection: Glucose and Diabetes Mellitus   Part 3 METABOLISM 12 Metabolism and Bioenergetics 12.1 Food and Fuel 12.2 Free Energy Changes in Metabolic Reactions 12.3 Metabolic Pathways   13 Carbohydrate Metabolism 13.1 Glycolysis  13.2 Gluconeogenesis 13.3 Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation 13.4 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway 13.5 Clinical Connection: Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism   14 The Citric Acid Cycle 14.1 The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Reaction 14.2 The Eight Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle 14.3 Thermodynamics of the Citric Acid Cycle 14.4 Anabolic and Catabolic Functions of the Citric Acid Cycle   15 Oxidative Phosphorylation 15.1 The Thermodynamics of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 15.2 Mitochondrial Electron Transport 15.3 ATP Synthase 15.4 Chemiosmosis   16 Photosynthesis 16.1 Photosynthesis: An Overview 16.2 The Light Reactions 16.3 Carbon Fixation   17 Lipid Metabolism 17.1 Lipid Digestion and Transport 17.2 Fatty Acid Oxidation 17.3 Fatty Acid Synthesis 17.4 Synthesis of Other Lipids   18 Nitrogen Metabolism 18.1 Nitrogen Fixation and Assimilation 18.2 Amino Acid Biosynthesis 18.3 Amino Acid Catabolism 18.4 Excretion of Excess Nitrogen: The Urea Cycle 18.5 Nucleotide Metabolism   19 Regulation of Mammalian Fuel Metabolism 19.1 Integration of Fuel Metabolism 19.2 Hormonal Control of Fuel Metabolism 19.3 Disorders of Fuel Metabolism 19.4 Clinical Connection: Cancer Metabolism   Part 4 GENETIC INFORMATION 20 DNA Replication and Repair 20.1 DNA Packaging: Nucleosome and Chromatin 20.2 The DNA Replication Machinery 20.3 Telomeres 20.4 DNA Damage and Repair 20.5 Clinical Connection: Cancer as a Genetic Disease 20.6 Tools and Techniques: Manipulating DNA     21 Transcription and RNA Processing 21.1 Initiating Transcription 21.2 RNA Polymerase 21.3 RNA Processing   22 Protein Synthesis 22.1 tRNA and the Genetic Code 22.2 Ribosome Structure 22.3 Translation 22.4 Post-Translational Modifications   GLOSSARY ODD-NUMBERED SOLUTIONS INDEX