Epidemiology and Environmental Hygiene in Veterinary Public Health

List of Contributors ix Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Section 1 Impacts of Epidemiology 1 1 Epidemiology: Principles, Aims and Scope, Methods, Components and Application 3 Ismail A. Odetokun, Aminu Shittu, Akeem Adebola Bakare, Oluwadamilola Olawumi Abiodun-Adewusi, and Nma Bida Alhaji 2 Factors Influencing Livestock Diseases and Animal Productivity 33 Negin Esfandiari and Mohammadreza Najafi 3 Determinants of Disease, Adjustment of Rates, Trends and Emergence 41 Kollannur Davis Justin and Kadankandath Athira 4 Transmission, Maintenance of Infection, and Consequences of Disease 67 Shriya Rawat, Parul, Nishant Sharma, Barkha Sharma, Udit Jain, and Vipul Thakur 5 Ecology of Diseases, Hypothesis, and Life Table Technique and Its Application 81 Samuel U. Felix, Samuel C. Maureen, Simpson Monya, and Eshun A. Ama 6 Measures of Occurrence of Disease Pattern and Association 99 Amitava Roy and Tanmoy Rana 7 Animal Disease Surveillance, Survey Systems, and Associate Indices 107 Amitava Roy and Tanmoy Rana 8 Epidemiological Studies, Measures of Disease Frequency, and Mortality 117 Samuel U. Felix, Samuel C. Maureen, Simpson Monya, Mariam Yakubu, and Njideka Adeniyi 9 Animal Disease Alerts and Forecasting 135 Amitava Roy and Tanmoy Rana 10 Strategies of Disease Management: Prevention, Control, and On- farm Biosecurity 145 Harshit Saxena, Akhilesh Kumar, Varun Kumar Sarkar, Manav Kansal, and Kartikey Verma 11 Economic Impact on Animal Diseases 155 Justin Davis K, Athira K, and Javed Jameel A Copyrighted Material 12 International Laws and Regulations on Controlling Livestock Diseases 177 Bhavanam Sudhakara Reddy, Sirigireddy Sivajothi, and Kambala Swetha 13 Role of OIE in Global Trade in Animals and Animal Products 185 Somu Yogeshpriya and Tanmoy Rana 14 Comparative Epidemiological Studies 191 Maninder Singh and Jay P. Yadav 15 Clinical Trials, Diagnostic Testing, and Risk Analysis 197 Negin Esfandiari and Mohammadreza Najafi 16 Observational Studies 207 Ashemi Yusuf, Amitava Roy, and Tanmoy Rana 17 Nature of Data, Data Collection, and Management 215 Abbas Rabiu Ishaq 18 Systematic Reviews in Epidemiological Studies 229 Pratistha Shrivastava and Raghvendra Mishra 19 Statistical and Mathematical Modeling 245 Ashish C. Patel 20 Health Schemes and Its Importance 251 Sabhyata Sharma, Abhishek Pathak, Abhinav Meena, and Sandeep Kumar 21 Animal Health, Management, and Nutritional Epidemiology 261 Amitava Roy, Tanmoy Rana, and Arkaprabha Shee 22 Vaccines and Vaccination 271 J. Jyothi and M. Bhavya Sree Section 2 Impact of Environmental Hygiene in Veterinary and Public Health 277 23 Aims, Scope, Administration, and Importance of Veterinary Public Health 279 Chandra Shekhar 24 Role of Veterinarians in Public Health 287 Pratistha Shrivastava, Simant Kumar Sahoo, and K.M. Venkatesh 25 One Health Concept and Initiatives in Veterinary Public Health 299 Naveen Kumar, Amit Kumar, Dinesh Mittal, and Manesh Kumar 26 Sources and Hazardous Effects of Environmental Contaminants 309 Atul Kumar and Anil Patyal 27 General Aspects of Environmental Hygiene 321 Udit Jain, Faizan ul Haque Nagrami, Vijay Laxmi Tripathi, Parul, Barkha Sharma, Shweta Sharma, Parul Singh, and Shikhar Karan Verma 28 Natural Resources: Definition, Types, Examples, Uses, and Abuses 329 Udit Jain, Faizan ul Haque Nagrami, Barkha Sharma, Priyambada, Parul, and Uma Sharma 29 Epidemiology and Environmental Health in Veterinary Medicine 339 J. Jyothi and M. Bhavya Sree 30 Precision Livestock Farming and Its Advantage to the Environment 343 Amitava Roy and Tanmoy Rana 31 Biodiversity: Concept, Pattern, Importance, Threats, and Conservation 349 Jitendrakumar Nayak, Varun Asediya, Santanu Pal, and Pranav Anjaria 32 Definition, Scope, Characteristics, and Importance of Ecosystems 365 Udit Jain, Faizan ul Haque Nagrami, Barkha Sharma, Parul, and Uma Sharma 33 Environmental Pollution: Air, Water, Soil, Marine, and Thermal Pollution 385 Parul, Udit Jain, Barkha Sharma, Anuj Kumar, Renu Singh, and Sanjay Bharti 34 Environmental Pollution Effect on Animal and Human Health 393 Goverdhan Singh, Balram Yadav, and Vivek Agrawal 35 Rural and Urban Pollution 405 Mona Abdelghany Nasr and Nourhan Eissa 36 Global Warming and Green House Effect: Impact of Climate Change, Protocol, Treaties and Convention 415 Baleshwari Dixit, Sulochana Sen, and Rajesh Kumar Vandre 37 Environmental Enrichment and Welfare of Animals 427 Deepak Nelagonda, Ramadevi Pampana, and Manoj Kumar Karanam 38 Basics of Water Supply, Quality, and Purification 439 Nourhan Eissa and Mona Abdelghany Nasr 39 Type, Cause, Effects, Control Methods of Noise Pollution 451 Baleshwari Dixit, Sapna Sharma, Ranvijay Singh, and Serlene Tomar 40 Environmental Contamination and Food Chain Bioaccumulation 461 Kaushik Satyaprakash, Annada Das, Dipanwita Bhattacharya, and Souti Prasad Sarkhel 41 Principles and Issues of Environmental Protection 477 Baleshwari Dixit, Neelam Kurmi, Sapna Sharma, Serlene Tomar, and Yamini Verma 42 Challenges of Emergency Animal Management During Disasters 487 Javed Jameel A, Justin Davis K, and Athira K 43 Sources of Air Pollution in Animal Houses and Its Consequences 497 Parul Singh, Barkha Sharma, Udit Jain, Renu Singh, Sanjay Bharti, and Meena Goswami 44 Farm Waste and Sewage Disposal 505 Jaysukh B. Kathiriya and Bhavesh J. Trangadia 45 Biomedical Waste Management 523 Gungi Saritha 46 General Hygiene, Sanitation, and Disinfection of Animal Housing and Hospital Environment 537 Jay P. Yadav, Sivakumar Mani, and Maninder Singh 47 Management of Stray, Fallen Animals and Carcass Disposal 551 Poornima Gumasta, Narendra Kumar, Mahmuda Malik, and Diptimayee Sahoo 48 Vector and Reservoir Control in Veterinary Public Health 557 Jitendrakumar Nayak, Santanu Pal, Pranav Anjaria, and Varun Asediya 49 Principles of General Disease Prevention and Control Measures 569 Jitendrakumar Nayak, Manasi Soni, Pranav Anjaria, and Manubhai N. Brahmbhatt 50 Accident Prevention for Animal Well- being 581 Abbas Rabiu Ishaq 51 Maintenance of Industrial Hygiene 593 Mona Abdelghany Nasr and Nourhan Eissa 52 Environmental Planning, Monitoring, and Management 599 Jaysukh Kathiriya and Bhavesh J. Trangadia Index 615