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Empires of the Southern Ocean

Early Civilizations of Mainland and Insular Southeast Asia

Dougald J.W. O'Reilly (Australian National University)

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English
Rowman & Littlefield
28 May 2026
Drawing on recent archaeological and historical research, this book

presents the fascinating developments in the archaeology of prehistoric

societies of mainland Southeast Asia.

Empires of the Southern Ocean offers a sweeping and authoritative account of the emergence, expansion, and transformation of early state-level societies across the regions that today encompass Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam. Spanning from the late prehistoric period to the mid-15th century, the book traces the dynamic rise of polities that shaped Southeast Asia's early urban and political landscapes, including the Pyu and Pagan in Myanmar; the entrepôt settlements of peninsular Malaysia; Srivijaya, Sanjaya, and Majapahit in Indonesia; Funan, Chenla, and Angkor in Cambodia; Dvaravati in Thailand; and Linyi, Champa, and Ðai Viet in Vietnam.

Drawing on the most current archaeological, epigraphic, and paleoenvironmental research, the book challenges outdated, India-centric narratives and instead presents a nuanced understanding of Southeast Asia's indigenous political developments, cross-cultural exchanges, and technological innovations. It highlights the region’s participation in long-distance trade networks across the Indian Ocean and South China Sea, and examines the role of religion, writing systems, and monumental architecture in legitimizing early power structures.

The volume includes a chapter on models of political development theory, critically examining how concepts such as heterarchy, segmentary states, and mandala systems apply—or fail to apply—to the Southeast Asian context. This theoretical grounding informs the subsequent case studies, offering readers a framework for understanding the diverse pathways to complexity taken by early Southeast Asian polities.

Combining detailed regional studies with broader comparative insights, Empires of the Southern Ocean is essential reading for anyone interested in the complex trajectories of early state formation in Southeast Asia and the interconnected histories of the ancient world.
By:  
Imprint:   Rowman & Littlefield
Country of Publication:   United States
Dimensions:   Height: 278mm,  Width: 216mm,  Spine: 26mm
Weight:   1.060kg
ISBN:   9781538190210
ISBN 10:   1538190214
Pages:   416
Publication Date:  
Audience:   College/higher education ,  Primary
Format:   Paperback
Publisher's Status:   Active

Dougald O’Reilly is Professor in the School of Archaeology and Anthropology at the Australian National University.

Reviews for Empires of the Southern Ocean: Early Civilizations of Mainland and Insular Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia's archaeological record of emergent complexity remains poorly known to non-specialists, and Dougald O'Reilly's summary of key historical trajectories is a welcome addition to the global archaeological literature. -- Miriam Stark, Director, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, USA Dougald O’Reilly’s Empires of the Southern Ocean portrays the Classical Era in Southeast Asian archaeology and history, when Indigenous populations became inspired by ideas of religion, statehood and empire derived from Indic and Sinitic sources. The wonders of Angkor, Bagan, Champa and Borobudur were combined creations. Indigenous Southeast Asian peoples with their native languages and Neolithic/Bronze/Iron Age cultural roots became infused, via their traders and ambitious elites, with exotic genetic ancestries, scriptural languages, and hierarchical religions. The rest was history, and O’Reilly describes it with enthusiasm and aplomb. -- Peter Bellwood, Emeritus Professor of Archaeology, Australian National University, Australia In this stimulating new survey, Dougald O’Reilly has written a masterly account of the rise and stature of Southeast Asian civilizations. Beginning deep in the prehistoric past, his explanation of how village chiefs led to god-kings will enthral and fascinate. -- Charles Higham, Emeritus Professor of Archaeology, University of Otago, New Zealand A comprehensive, engaging synthesis of the emergence, innovations and trajectories of Southeast Asia’s premodern states and empires. O’Reilly’s new book is a must-have for anyone wanting to know more about the cultural dynamics that make this region so globally distinct. -- Mitch Hendrickson, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois Chicago, USA


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