Enables readers to grasp the fundamentals of applied electromagnetics through a blended pedagogical approach
Electromagnetic Applications for Guided and Propagating Waves comprehensively covers both fundamentals and advanced topics in applied electromagnetics (EM) for the professional, going above the basic static and dynamic EM field theories that are covered in most undergraduate EM textbooks. The textbook introduces complex topics with illustrations of modern technologies that use the topics, followed by a simple presentation of the basic vector analysis and Maxwell's equations, supported by many practical examples, math essays, math puzzles, and the most modern technological developments from the websites of prominent technology companies.
The textbook includes review questions at the end of each topic to enhance the students' learning experience and outcomes. It provides the links for multimedia lecture videos and directs students to relevant open sources such as YouTube videos and lecture materials from the prestigious universities of developed and developing nations. The textbook is supported by presentation slides, a solution and instructor's manual, and MATLAB program downloads.
Written by prolific teacher Dr. Karmakar, Electromagnetic Applications for Guided and Propagating Waves discusses topics including:
Fundamental theories of resonators, optical waveguides and fibers, antennas and antenna arrays, wireless systems, and electromagnetic compatibility Electrostatic field theory and detailed derivations of electromagnetic fundamentals such as electric charges and Coulomb's law Applications of time-varying electromagnetic fields, covering transmission lines, impedance matching techniques, and waveguides How electromagnetics has impacted our day-to-day life and how we use it in our workplace and on social media Historical anecdotes and evolution of EM theory from its inception to Maxwell and Hertz
Electromagnetic Applications for Guided and Propagating Waves is an essential reference for researchers, professionals, and policy and decision makers in the fields of electromagnetics, electrical engineering, wireless communications, and defense.
By:
Nemai Chandra Karmakar (Monash University Australia)
Imprint: Wiley-IEEE Press
Country of Publication: United States
ISBN: 9781394262823
ISBN 10: 1394262825
Publication Date: 11 November 2025
Audience:
Professional and scholarly
,
Undergraduate
Format: Hardback
Publisher's Status: Forthcoming
Chapter 1Introduction1 1.1Introduction4 1.2Emerging Technologies that Use Advance EM6 1.3Wireless Mobile Communication Systems12 1.3.1Wireless Transceiver13 1.3.2Wireless Channel via Uniform Plane Wave19 1.3.3Transmission Lines and Waveguides22 1.3.4Antenna25 1.3.5Antenna Array27 1.3.6EMI/EMC31 1.4Modern Pedagogy in Advanced Electromagnetics35 1.5Design Project: Wireless Energy Harvester37 1.6Conclusion40 1.7Questions41 References:42 Chapter 2Vector Analyses2 2.1Introduction4 2.2Vector Analysis6 2.2.1Scalar and Vector Quantities6 2.2.2Static EM Field8 2.2.3Dynamic EM Fields9 2.2.4Coordinate systems11 2.2.5General/Curvilinear Coordinate System12 2.2.6Rectangular coordinate system14 2.2.7Spherical coordinate system17 2.2.8Cylindrical coordinate system23 2.2.9Dot product of vector quantities29 2.2.10Cross product of two vectors.31 2.2.11Vector Integrations33 2.3Vector Operators: Gradient, Divergence, Curl37 2.3.1Gradient of a scalar37 2.3.2Divergence of a vector39 2.3.3Curl of a vector41 2.4Divergence Theorem44 2.5Stokes’ Theorem48 2.6Two Vector Null Identities50 2.6.1Remarks51 Chapter Summary52 Problems:54 Chapter 3:Electromagnetism2 Section I: Historical perspective of electromagnetism5 3.1Introduction to Electromagnetism5 3.1.1Maxwell’s six experiments7 3.2Historical perspective of electromagnetics Theory11 3.3Time-varying/Dynamic electromagnetics field.14 3.3.1Ohm’s law:16 3.3.2Maxwell’s equations in differential form18 3.4Discussion of Advanced Electromagnetic theory21 3.4.1The big picture23 3.4.2Uniform plane wave as wireless channel24 3.5Problems29 Chapter 4:Electrostatics2 4.1 Detailed Revision of Electromagnetic Fundamentals3 4.1.1 Electric Charges and Coulomb Law4 4.1.2 Application of Electric Charges7 4.2 Electric Field Intensity9 4.2.1 Concept of Electric Potential18 4.2.2 Calculation of potential20 4.2.3 Gradient and Equipotential Surface20 4.2.4 Electric Flux Density21 4.3 Gauss’ Law25 4.3.1 Divergence and point form of gauss law26 4.4 Electrostatic Current and Ohm’s Law28 4.4.1 Types of Electric Currents29 4.4.2 Convection current30 4.4.3 Conduction current31 4.5 Electric Energy and Joule’s Law34 4.6 Boundary Value Problem and Electrostatic Boundary Conditions37 4.6.1 Fields on a general material interface38 4.7 Electrostatic Potential Energy43 4.8 Summary of electrostatic theory45 4.9 Problems48 Chapter 5:Magnetostatics2 Magnetostatic theory4 5.1Magnetostatic4 5.1.1Oersted’s Experiment7 5.2Magnetic Flux Density10 5.3Ampere’s circuital law13 5.3.1Point form of Amperes’ circuital law: A few case studies15 5.4Magnetic Vector Potential21 5.4.1Biot-Savart’s Law24 5.4.2Magnetic Field due to Infinite Line Current29 5.4.3Magnetic Dipole31 5.5Boundary Conditions of Magnetic Fields34 5.5.1Boundary Conditions for Normal Components of B37 5.6Boundary Conditions for Tangential Components of H38 5.7Magnetic Energy and Inductance42 5.8.1Case study: Cochlear implant50 5.9Duality Between Electric and Magnetic Circuit Quantities51 5.10Summary of Chapter52 5.11Problems53 Chapter 6 Time Varying Electromagnetics2 6.1Introduction5 6.2The dawn of time varying electromagnetic field14 Summary of Faraday’s law:21 6.3Maxwell’s current continuity equation22 6.4Relaxation time and conductivity of conductor24 6.5Displacement Current26 6.6Example of Displacement Current30 6.7Maxwell’s Equations34 6.8Boundary Conditions in Static EM fields38 6.9Boundary Conditions of Time-varying EM Fields42 6.10Nonhomogeneous wave equation for potential functions48 6.11Retarded potentials50 6.12Homogeneous EM Wave Equations53 6.13Summary of Wave equations:56 6.14Usefulness of Phasor Notation of Field Quantities57 6.15Electromagnetic Spectrum62 6.16Summary of time varying electromagnetism:65 6.17Chapter Summary67 6.18 References68 Problems69 Chapter 7 Uniform Plane Wave2 7.1Introduction to Uniform Plane Wave4 7.2Fundamental Concept of Wave Propagation9 7.3Plane Wave concept:13 7.4One Dimensional Wave Equation Concept23 7.4.1Exercises:27 7.5Wave motion and wave front29 7.6Phase Velocity of UPW31 7.7Wave Impedance38 7.8Time Harmonic Field Wave Equations41 7.8.1Summary of Propagation Constant:47 7.9Refractive Index of Medium and Dispersion:48 7.9.1Summary of wave propagation in lossless medium56 7.10Time Harmonic Wave Solution57 7.11Polarisation of Uniform Plane Wave61 7.12Poynting Theorem67 7.13Static Poynting Theorem:74 7.13.1Poynting theorem for a wire74 7.14Energy balance equation in the presence of a generator: in-flux and out-flow of Power76 7.15Time Harmonic Poynting Vector79 7.16Application: Doppler Radar89 7.17Summary of Chapter92 7.18Questions: Uniform Plane Wave Propagation96 Chapter 8 Reflection and Transmission of Uniform Plane Wave2 8.1Introduction2 8.2Electromagnetic waves analysis in the context of boundary value problems9 8.3Reflection and refraction at plane surface14 8.4Normal Incidence at Dielectric Boundary17 8.5.1Calculation of Reflection and Transmission Coefficients24 8.5.2Calculation of Electromagnetic Power Density27 8.5Concept of Standing Waves39 8.5.1Trigonometric analysis of standing wave43 8.5.2Time domain analysis of standing wave50 8.5.3Phasor vector analysis of standing wave56 8.6Problems67 Chapter 9 Propagation in Emerging and Advanced materials2 9.1Introduction4 9.2Applications7 9.3Normal Incidence on Imperfect Media10 9.3.1Normal Incidence on Imperfect Conducting Boundary11 9.3.2Normal Incidence on Imperfect Dielectric Boundary21 9.4Applications of normal incidences on lossy dielectric boundary24 9.4.1RF/Microwave Shielding for EMC Measures30 9.5Oblique incidence in lossy medium35 9.5.1General theory of oblique incidence from air to lossy medium36 9.5.2Oblique incidence and propagation in good conductor41 9.5.3Oblique incidence and reflection from lossy medium45 9.5.4Oblique incidence: Reflection from good conductor47 9.5.5Good conductor to good conductor interface49 9.5.6Refraction for two conductive media57 9.6Emerging Applications AEM in Precision Agriculture66 9.6.1Wireless sensor69 9.6.2Sensor Design76 9.6.3Soil moisture remote sensing radiometer79 9.7Summary of chapter87 9.8References:87 9.9Problems:88 Chapter 10 EM Passive Guiding Devices2 10.1Introduction5 10.2Various Transmission Lines8 10.3Transmission line theory12 10.3.1Electromagnetic theory of uniform two-wire transmission line15 10.3.2Lumped versus distributive element concept in transmission line:20 10.3.3Telegraphist’s equations24 10.3.4Generic wave equations for infinitely long transmission line27 10.3.5Voltage and current wave equations for lossless transmission line28 10.3.6Time harmonic voltage and current wave equations of lossy transmission line30 10.3.7Distortionless Transmission line R'L'=G'C'35 10.4Calculations of distributive parameters of transmission lines41 10.4.1Parallel-plate transmission line42 10.4.2Two-wire transmission line45 10.4.3Coaxial cable47 10.4.4Microstrip transmission line50 10.5Loaded Transmission Line53 10.5.1Theory of terminated transmission lines55 10.5.2Transmission line magic62 10.5.3Load reflection coefficient78 10.5.4Voltage standing wave ratio of terminated line80 10.5.5Practical measurement of unknown load85 10.5.6Power on loaded line88 10.5.7Two popular transmission lines90 10.5.8Summary of transmission lines90 10.6Smith Chart92 10.6.1Derivation of Smith Chart97 10.6.2Characteristics of Smith chart107 10.6.3Smith chart: Points of interests109 10.6.4Standing wave pattern, Vmax and Vmin on Smith chart114 10.6.5Smith chart as admittance chart116 10.6.6Input impedance calculation using Smith chart118 10.6.7Lossy transmission line analysis using the Smith Chart121 10.6.8Summary of Smith chart123 Chapter 11 EM testing method1 11.1Basic Principles1 11.1.1Nondestructive testing (NDT):1 11.1.2Eddy Currents (EC):1 11.1.3Electromagnetic Induction:2 11.2History of EM testing2 11.2.1Hughes’ Eddy Current Test:2 11.2.2Early Tests for Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses in Electrical Steel Sheets4 11.3Developments in Electromagnetic Induction Tests6 11.3.1Impact of WWII on Nondestructive Testing:6 11.3.2Development of Electronic Instrumentation:7 11.3.3Influence of the Aerospace and Nuclear Power Industries:7 11.3.4Friedrich Förster’s Contributions:7 11.3.5Technological Transfer and Global Influence:7 11.4Microwave Nondestructive Testing8 11.4.1Microwave Electromagnetic Testing:8 11.4.2Development of Microwave Instruments:8 11.4.3Challenges in Adoption:9 11.5Who conducted EM testing method9 11.6TÜV Rheinland10 11.7UL (Underwriters Laboratories)[3-2]11 11.8SGS [3-3]12 11.9Intertek[3-4]12 11.10Standard for EM testing method:13 11.11Who writes this standard13 11.12International Standards16 11.13Testing Procedures18 11.14Type of standard20 11.14.1Basic EMC Publications [5-1] :20 11.14.2EMC Product Standards:22 11.14.3EMC Product Family Standards:22 11.14.4Generic EMC Standards.:24 11.15Types of EM Testing27 11.15.1Eddy Current Testing (ECT):27 11.15.2Remote Field Testing (RFT):36 11.15.3Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) Testing:41 11.15.4Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM):46 Reference54 Chapter 12 Simulation Tools and AI1 12.1History of Artificial Intelligence1 12.2Functional of Artificial Intelligence:3 12.2.1Introduction:3 12.2.2In electromagnetism:3 12.3AI in electromagnetism5 12.3.1Optimization Algorithms:5 12.3.2Machine Learning:11 12.4Electromagnetic Simulation and Modeling16 12.4.1Optimization of Design Parameters16 12.4.2Speeding Up Simulations17 12.4.3Case Studies and Applications18 12.5Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)20 12.5.1Machine Learning Models:20 12.5.2Neural Networks:20 12.5.3Dynamic Optimization:21 12.5.4Additional AI Applications in EMI and EMC:24 12.6Wireless communication27 12.6.1Spectrum sensing27 12.6.2Future Developments:42 5. Non-Destructive Testing42 6. Radar and imaging systems:46 Reference51 Chapter 13RF Sources and Interference4 13.1Introduction4 13.1.1Purpose of the Report4 13.1.2Importance of RF Sources and EMI/EMC in Modern Technology5 13.1.3Overview of the Report Structure6 13.2Fundamentals of RF (Radio Frequency) Sources8 13.2.1Definition and Types of RF Sources8 13.2.2Applications of RF Sources in Different Industries11 13.2.3Basic Principles of RF Signal Generation12 13.2.4Common RF Components and Circuits13 13.3Types of RF Sources15 13.3.1Oscillators (crystal, voltage-controlled, etc.)15 13.3.2Signal Generators16 13.3.3RF Transmitters and Transceivers19 13.3.4Solid-state and Tube-based RF Sources21 13.4Design and Operation of RF Sources22 13.4.1Key Design Considerations (Frequency Stability, Power Output, Modulation)22 13.4.2Practical Aspects of RF Source Design22 13.4.3Modern Advancements in RF Source Technology23 13.5Introduction to EMI/EMC (Electromagnetic Interference / Electromagnetic26 13.5.1Definition and Significance26 13.5.2Regulatory Standards and Compliance (FCC, CISPR, etc.)27 13.5.3Basic Concepts and Terminology30 13.6Sources of EMI33 13.6.1Natural Sources (Lightning, Solar Flares)33 13.6.2Man-made Sources (Electrical Equipment, RF Transmitters)34 13.6.3Characteristics and behaviors of EMI36 13.7Effects of EMI38 13.7.1Impact on Electronic Devices and Systems38 13.7.2Examples of EMI-related Failures and Incidents39 13.8EMC Design Principles41 13.8.1Design Strategies to Enhance EMC41 13.8.2Shielding, Filtering, and Grounding Techniques42 13.8.3PCB Layout Considerations for EMC43 13.9Testing and Measurement for EMI/EMC45 13.9.1Methods for EMI/EMC Testing45 13.9.2Equipment Used for Measurement (Spectrum Analyzers, EMC Chambers)47 13.9.3Pre-compliance and Compliance Testing Procedures49 13.10Case Studies and Applications50 13.10.1Case Studies Highlighting EMI/EMC Challenges and Solutions50 13.10.2Applications in Various Industries (Automotive, Aerospace, Telecommunications, Medical Devices)52 13.11Future Trends and Technologies53 13.11.1Emerging Technologies in RF Sources and EMI/EMC Mitigation53 13.11.2The Role of AI and Machine Learning in EMI/EMC Analysis53 13.11.3Future Challenges and Research Directions54 13.12Conclusion55 13.12.1Summary of Key Points55 13.12.2The Importance of Continued Innovation and Compliance55 13.12.3Final Thoughts and Recommendations55 References57 Chapter 14Deep Space Communications and Positioning2 14.1Introduction2 14.2The History of NASA’s Deep Space Network4 14.3The Deep Space Network Functional Description7 14.3.1What is the Deep Space Network7 14.3.2Radiometric Data and the Doppler Effect in Deep Space Communication9 14.4Advanced Techniques in Deep Space Navigation13 14.4.1Delta Differential One-Way Ranging (Delta-DOR)13 14.4.2Command Processing and Radiation17 14.5Telemetry Operations in the Deep Space Network20 14.5.1Telemetry Demodulation and Decoding20 14.5.2Data Acquisition and Processing23 14.6Deep Space Network Capabilities and Innovations26 14.6.1DSN Performance26 14.6.2Deep Space Communications Complexes29 14.6.3Types of Deep Space Stations30 14.6.4Antenna Arraying33 14.7Data Types and Handling in the Deep Space Network37 14.7.1The Seven Data Types of the Deep Space Network37 14.7.2Deep Space Network's trace data flow41 14.7.3Uplink Data Flow44 14.8The Role of the Deep Space Network in the Apollo Program46 14.8.1DSN’s Contribution to Lunar Communication46 14.8.2The DSN Wing Concept47 References49 Chapter 1Introduction1 1.1Introduction4 1.2Emerging Technologies that Use Advance EM6 1.3Wireless Mobile Communication Systems12 1.3.1Wireless Transceiver13 1.3.2Wireless Channel via Uniform Plane Wave19 1.3.3Transmission Lines and Waveguides22 1.3.4Antenna25 1.3.5Antenna Array27 1.3.6EMI/EMC31 1.4Modern Pedagogy in Advanced Electromagnetics35 1.5Design Project: Wireless Energy Harvester37 1.6Conclusion40 1.7Questions41 References:42 Chapter 2Vector Analyses2 2.1Introduction4 2.2Vector Analysis6 2.2.1Scalar and Vector Quantities6 2.2.2Static EM Field8 2.2.3Dynamic EM Fields9 2.2.4Coordinate systems11 2.2.5General/Curvilinear Coordinate System12 2.2.6Rectangular coordinate system14 2.2.7Spherical coordinate system17 2.2.8Cylindrical coordinate system23 2.2.9Dot product of vector quantities29 2.2.10Cross product of two vectors.31 2.2.11Vector Integrations33 2.3Vector Operators: Gradient, Divergence, Curl37 2.3.1Gradient of a scalar37 2.3.2Divergence of a vector39 2.3.3Curl of a vector41 2.4Divergence Theorem44 2.5Stokes’ Theorem48 2.6Two Vector Null Identities50 2.6.1Remarks51 Chapter Summary52 Problems:54 Chapter 3:Electromagnetism2 Section I: Historical perspective of electromagnetism5 3.1Introduction to Electromagnetism5 3.1.1Maxwell’s six experiments7 3.2Historical perspective of electromagnetics Theory11 3.3Time-varying/Dynamic electromagnetics field.14 3.3.1Ohm’s law:16 3.3.2Maxwell’s equations in differential form18 3.4Discussion of Advanced Electromagnetic theory21 3.4.1The big picture23 3.4.2Uniform plane wave as wireless channel24 3.5Problems29 Chapter 4:Electrostatics2 4.1 Detailed Revision of Electromagnetic Fundamentals3 4.1.1 Electric Charges and Coulomb Law4 4.1.2 Application of Electric Charges7 4.2 Electric Field Intensity9 4.2.1 Concept of Electric Potential18 4.2.2 Calculation of potential20 4.2.3 Gradient and Equipotential Surface20 4.2.4 Electric Flux Density21 4.3 Gauss’ Law25 4.3.1 Divergence and point form of gauss law26 4.4 Electrostatic Current and Ohm’s Law28 4.4.1 Types of Electric Currents29 4.4.2 Convection current30 4.4.3 Conduction current31 4.5 Electric Energy and Joule’s Law34 4.6 Boundary Value Problem and Electrostatic Boundary Conditions37 4.6.1 Fields on a general material interface38 4.7 Electrostatic Potential Energy43 4.8 Summary of electrostatic theory45 4.9 Problems48 Chapter 5:Magnetostatics2 Magnetostatic theory4 5.1Magnetostatic4 5.1.1Oersted’s Experiment7 5.2Magnetic Flux Density10 5.3Ampere’s circuital law13 5.3.1Point form of Amperes’ circuital law: A few case studies15 5.4Magnetic Vector Potential21 5.4.1Biot-Savart’s Law24 5.4.2Magnetic Field due to Infinite Line Current29 5.4.3Magnetic Dipole31 5.5Boundary Conditions of Magnetic Fields34 5.5.1Boundary Conditions for Normal Components of B37 5.6Boundary Conditions for Tangential Components of H38 5.7Magnetic Energy and Inductance42 5.8.1Case study: Cochlear implant50 5.9Duality Between Electric and Magnetic Circuit Quantities51 5.10Summary of Chapter52 5.11Problems53 Chapter 6 Time Varying Electromagnetics2 6.1Introduction5 6.2The dawn of time varying electromagnetic field14 Summary of Faraday’s law:21 6.3Maxwell’s current continuity equation22 6.4Relaxation time and conductivity of conductor24 6.5Displacement Current26 6.6Example of Displacement Current30 6.7Maxwell’s Equations34 6.8Boundary Conditions in Static EM fields38 6.9Boundary Conditions of Time-varying EM Fields42 6.10Nonhomogeneous wave equation for potential functions48 6.11Retarded potentials50 6.12Homogeneous EM Wave Equations53 6.13Summary of Wave equations:56 6.14Usefulness of Phasor Notation of Field Quantities57 6.15Electromagnetic Spectrum62 6.16Summary of time varying electromagnetism:65 6.17Chapter Summary67 6.18 References68 Problems69 Chapter 7 Uniform Plane Wave2 7.1Introduction to Uniform Plane Wave4 7.2Fundamental Concept of Wave Propagation9 7.3Plane Wave concept:13 7.4One Dimensional Wave Equation Concept23 7.4.1Exercises:27 7.5Wave motion and wave front29 7.6Phase Velocity of UPW31 7.7Wave Impedance38 7.8Time Harmonic Field Wave Equations41 7.8.1Summary of Propagation Constant:47 7.9Refractive Index of Medium and Dispersion:48 7.9.1Summary of wave propagation in lossless medium56 7.10Time Harmonic Wave Solution57 7.11Polarisation of Uniform Plane Wave61 7.12Poynting Theorem67 7.13Static Poynting Theorem:74 7.13.1Poynting theorem for a wire74 7.14Energy balance equation in the presence of a generator: in-flux and out-flow of Power76 7.15Time Harmonic Poynting Vector79 7.16Application: Doppler Radar89 7.17Summary of Chapter92 7.18Questions: Uniform Plane Wave Propagation96 Chapter 8 Reflection and Transmission of Uniform Plane Wave2 8.1Introduction2 8.2Electromagnetic waves analysis in the context of boundary value problems9 8.3Reflection and refraction at plane surface14 8.4Normal Incidence at Dielectric Boundary17 8.5.1Calculation of Reflection and Transmission Coefficients24 8.5.2Calculation of Electromagnetic Power Density27 8.5Concept of Standing Waves39 8.5.1Trigonometric analysis of standing wave43 8.5.2Time domain analysis of standing wave50 8.5.3Phasor vector analysis of standing wave56 8.6Problems67 Chapter 9 Propagation in Emerging and Advanced materials2 9.1Introduction4 9.2Applications7 9.3Normal Incidence on Imperfect Media10 9.3.1Normal Incidence on Imperfect Conducting Boundary11 9.3.2Normal Incidence on Imperfect Dielectric Boundary21 9.4Applications of normal incidences on lossy dielectric boundary24 9.4.1RF/Microwave Shielding for EMC Measures30 9.5Oblique incidence in lossy medium35 9.5.1General theory of oblique incidence from air to lossy medium36 9.5.2Oblique incidence and propagation in good conductor41 9.5.3Oblique incidence and reflection from lossy medium45 9.5.4Oblique incidence: Reflection from good conductor47 9.5.5Good conductor to good conductor interface49 9.5.6Refraction for two conductive media57 9.6Emerging Applications AEM in Precision Agriculture66 9.6.1Wireless sensor69 9.6.2Sensor Design76 9.6.3Soil moisture remote sensing radiometer79 9.7Summary of chapter87 9.8References:87 9.9Problems:88 Chapter 10 EM Passive Guiding Devices2 10.1Introduction5 10.2Various Transmission Lines8 10.3Transmission line theory12 10.3.1Electromagnetic theory of uniform two-wire transmission line15 10.3.2Lumped versus distributive element concept in transmission line:20 10.3.3Telegraphist’s equations24 10.3.4Generic wave equations for infinitely long transmission line27 10.3.5Voltage and current wave equations for lossless transmission line28 10.3.6Time harmonic voltage and current wave equations of lossy transmission line30 10.3.7Distortionless Transmission line R'L'=G'C'35 10.4Calculations of distributive parameters of transmission lines41 10.4.1Parallel-plate transmission line42 10.4.2Two-wire transmission line45 10.4.3Coaxial cable47 10.4.4Microstrip transmission line50 10.5Loaded Transmission Line53 10.5.1Theory of terminated transmission lines55 10.5.2Transmission line magic62 10.5.3Load reflection coefficient78 10.5.4Voltage standing wave ratio of terminated line80 10.5.5Practical measurement of unknown load85 10.5.6Power on loaded line88 10.5.7Two popular transmission lines90 10.5.8Summary of transmission lines90 10.6Smith Chart92 10.6.1Derivation of Smith Chart97 10.6.2Characteristics of Smith chart107 10.6.3Smith chart: Points of interests109 10.6.4Standing wave pattern, Vmax and Vmin on Smith chart114 10.6.5Smith chart as admittance chart116 10.6.6Input impedance calculation using Smith chart118 10.6.7Lossy transmission line analysis using the Smith Chart121 10.6.8Summary of Smith chart123 Chapter 11 EM testing method1 11.1Basic Principles1 11.1.1Nondestructive testing (NDT):1 11.1.2Eddy Currents (EC):1 11.1.3Electromagnetic Induction:2 11.2History of EM testing2 11.2.1Hughes’ Eddy Current Test:2 11.2.2Early Tests for Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses in Electrical Steel Sheets4 11.3Developments in Electromagnetic Induction Tests6 11.3.1Impact of WWII on Nondestructive Testing:6 11.3.2Development of Electronic Instrumentation:7 11.3.3Influence of the Aerospace and Nuclear Power Industries:7 11.3.4Friedrich Förster’s Contributions:7 11.3.5Technological Transfer and Global Influence:7 11.4Microwave Nondestructive Testing8 11.4.1Microwave Electromagnetic Testing:8 11.4.2Development of Microwave Instruments:8 11.4.3Challenges in Adoption:9 11.5Who conducted EM testing method9 11.6TÜV Rheinland10 11.7UL (Underwriters Laboratories)[3-2]11 11.8SGS [3-3]12 11.9Intertek[3-4]12 11.10Standard for EM testing method:13 11.11Who writes this standard13 11.12International Standards16 11.13Testing Procedures18 11.14Type of standard20 11.14.1Basic EMC Publications [5-1] :20 11.14.2EMC Product Standards:22 11.14.3EMC Product Family Standards:22 11.14.4Generic EMC Standards.:24 11.15Types of EM Testing27 11.15.1Eddy Current Testing (ECT):27 11.15.2Remote Field Testing (RFT):36 11.15.3Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) Testing:41 11.15.4Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM):46 Reference54 Chapter 12 Simulation Tools and AI1 12.1History of Artificial Intelligence1 12.2Functional of Artificial Intelligence:3 12.2.1Introduction:3 12.2.2In electromagnetism:3 12.3AI in electromagnetism5 12.3.1Optimization Algorithms:5 12.3.2Machine Learning:11 12.4Electromagnetic Simulation and Modeling16 12.4.1Optimization of Design Parameters16 12.4.2Speeding Up Simulations17 12.4.3Case Studies and Applications18 12.5Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)20 12.5.1Machine Learning Models:20 12.5.2Neural Networks:20 12.5.3Dynamic Optimization:21 12.5.4Additional AI Applications in EMI and EMC:24 12.6Wireless communication27 12.6.1Spectrum sensing27 12.6.2Future Developments:42 5. Non-Destructive Testing42 6. Radar and imaging systems:46 Reference51 Chapter 13RF Sources and Interference4 13.1Introduction4 13.1.1Purpose of the Report4 13.1.2Importance of RF Sources and EMI/EMC in Modern Technology5 13.1.3Overview of the Report Structure6 13.2Fundamentals of RF (Radio Frequency) Sources8 13.2.1Definition and Types of RF Sources8 13.2.2Applications of RF Sources in Different Industries11 13.2.3Basic Principles of RF Signal Generation12 13.2.4Common RF Components and Circuits13 13.3Types of RF Sources15 13.3.1Oscillators (crystal, voltage-controlled, etc.)15 13.3.2Signal Generators16 13.3.3RF Transmitters and Transceivers19 13.3.4Solid-state and Tube-based RF Sources21 13.4Design and Operation of RF Sources22 13.4.1Key Design Considerations (Frequency Stability, Power Output, Modulation)22 13.4.2Practical Aspects of RF Source Design22 13.4.3Modern Advancements in RF Source Technology23 13.5Introduction to EMI/EMC (Electromagnetic Interference / Electromagnetic26 13.5.1Definition and Significance26 13.5.2Regulatory Standards and Compliance (FCC, CISPR, etc.)27 13.5.3Basic Concepts and Terminology30 13.6Sources of EMI33 13.6.1Natural Sources (Lightning, Solar Flares)33 13.6.2Man-made Sources (Electrical Equipment, RF Transmitters)34 13.6.3Characteristics and behaviors of EMI36 13.7Effects of EMI38 13.7.1Impact on Electronic Devices and Systems38 13.7.2Examples of EMI-related Failures and Incidents39 13.8EMC Design Principles41 13.8.1Design Strategies to Enhance EMC41 13.8.2Shielding, Filtering, and Grounding Techniques42 13.8.3PCB Layout Considerations for EMC43 13.9Testing and Measurement for EMI/EMC45 13.9.1Methods for EMI/EMC Testing45 13.9.2Equipment Used for Measurement (Spectrum Analyzers, EMC Chambers)47 13.9.3Pre-compliance and Compliance Testing Procedures49 13.10Case Studies and Applications50 13.10.1Case Studies Highlighting EMI/EMC Challenges and Solutions50 13.10.2Applications in Various Industries (Automotive, Aerospace, Telecommunications, Medical Devices)52 13.11Future Trends and Technologies53 13.11.1Emerging Technologies in RF Sources and EMI/EMC Mitigation53 13.11.2The Role of AI and Machine Learning in EMI/EMC Analysis53 13.11.3Future Challenges and Research Directions54 13.12Conclusion55 13.12.1Summary of Key Points55 13.12.2The Importance of Continued Innovation and Compliance55 13.12.3Final Thoughts and Recommendations55 References57 Chapter 14Deep Space Communications and Positioning2 14.1Introduction2 14.2The History of NASA’s Deep Space Network4 14.3The Deep Space Network Functional Description7 14.3.1What is the Deep Space Network7 14.3.2Radiometric Data and the Doppler Effect in Deep Space Communication9 14.4Advanced Techniques in Deep Space Navigation13 14.4.1Delta Differential One-Way Ranging (Delta-DOR)13 14.4.2Command Processing and Radiation17 14.5Telemetry Operations in the Deep Space Network20 14.5.1Telemetry Demodulation and Decoding20 14.5.2Data Acquisition and Processing23 14.6Deep Space Network Capabilities and Innovations26 14.6.1DSN Performance26 14.6.2Deep Space Communications Complexes29 14.6.3Types of Deep Space Stations30 14.6.4Antenna Arraying33 14.7Data Types and Handling in the Deep Space Network37 14.7.1The Seven Data Types of the Deep Space Network37 14.7.2Deep Space Network's trace data flow41 14.7.3Uplink Data Flow44 14.8The Role of the Deep Space Network in the Apollo Program46 14.8.1DSN’s Contribution to Lunar Communication46 14.8.2The DSN Wing Concept47 References49
Nemai Chandra Karmakar, PhD, is the lead researcher at the Monash Microwave, Antenna, RFID and Sensor Laboratory (MMARS) at Monash University, Australia. He received his PhD in Information Technology and Electrical Engineering from the University of Queensland, Australia, in 1999. He is a pioneer in fully printable, chipless radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags and sensors, readers, signal processing, and smart antennas.
