Dyeing of Cellulose Fibres

Biography xi Preface xiii 1 General Information About Cellulose Fibres 1 1.1 Classification of Cellulose Fibres and Their Production in the World 1 1.2 Chemical Structure of Cellulose Fibres 3 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties of Cellulose Fibres 6 2 Processes of Cellulose Fibres Before Dyeing 11 2.1 Conventional Pretreatment Processes Applied to Cellulose Fibres 11 2.2 Pretreatments Applicable to Improve and Change the Dyeing Properties of Cellulose Fibres 12 3 Dyeing Mechanism of Cellulose Fibres 19 3.1 Uptake of Dyes (Adsorption and Diffusion) 20 3.2 Fixation of Dyes 23 4 Factors Affecting Uniform Dyeing in Cellulose Fibres 29 4.1 Factors Affecting Uniform Dyeing in Exhaust Method 30 4.2 Factors Affecting Uniform Dyeing in Impregnation Method 44 5 Dyeing with Direct (Substantive) Dyes 49 5.1 Structure and Classification of Direct Dyes 49 5.2 Fastness Properties of Direct Dyes 51 5.3 End-uses of Direct Dyes 51 5.4 Dyeing with Direct Dyes 52 5.5 Post-dyeing Aftertreatments with Direct Dyes 59 6 Dyeing with Vat (Indanthren) Dyes 63 6.1 Structure and Classification of Vat Dyes 64 6.2 Fastness Properties of Vat Dyes 66 6.3 End-uses of Vat Dyes 67 6.4 Forms of Vat Dyes 68 6.5 Dyeing with Vat Dyes 69 6.6 Problems Encountered in Dyeing with Vat Dyes and Precautions to Be Taken 102 7 Dyeing with Indigo Dye 105 7.1 Fastness Properties of Indigo Dye 106 7.2 End-uses of Indigo Dye 108 7.3 Forms of Indigo Dye 108 7.4 Dyeing with Indigo Dye 108 7.5 Indigo Dyeing Methods and Machines 113 8 Dyeing with Sulphur Dyes 117 8.1 Classification of Sulphur Dyes 118 8.2 Fastness Properties of Sulphur Dyes 121 8.3 End-uses of Sulphur Dyes 121 8.4 Forms of Sulphur Dyes 122 8.5 Dyeing with Sulphur Dyes 122 8.6 Problems Encountered in Dyeing with Sulphur Dyes and Measures to be Taken 132 9 Dyeing with Reactive Dyes 137 9.1 Structure and Classification of Reactive Dyes 139 9.2 Fastness Properties of Reactive Dyes 153 9.3 Forms of Reactive Dyes 154 9.4 Dyeing with Reactive Dyes 155 9.5 Washing Processes After Dyeing with Reactive Dyes 209 9.6 Aftertreatments After Dyeing with Reactive Dyes 221 10 Dyeing with Other Dyes 231 10.1 Indosol Dyes 231 10.2 Diazotisation Dyes 233 10.3 Developing (Naphthol) Dyes 236 10.4 Oxidation Dyes 243 10.5 Vat-leucoester (Indigosol) Dyes 244 10.6 Basic (Cationic) Dyes 248 10.7 Phthalocyanine Dyes 250 10.8 Mordant Dyes 251 10.9 Pigments 252 10.10 Minerals 257 10.11 Natural Dyes 258 11 Dyeing of Other Cellulosic Fibres 261 11.1 Dyeing of Natural Cellulosic Fibres Other Than Cotton 261 11.2 Dyeing of Regenerated Cellulose Fibres 264 12 Correction of Faulty Dyeings 271 12.1 Levelling and Colour Lightening Processes 272 12.2 Dye Stripping Processes 273 13 Laboratory Applications Related to Dyeing of Cellulose Fibres 279 13.1 Dyeing with Direct Dyes 279 13.2 Dyeing with Vat Dyes 285 13.3 Dyeing with Indigo Dye 289 13.4 Dyeing with Sulphur Dyes 289 13.5 Dyeing with Reactive Dyes 292 13.6 Dyeing with Other Dyes 306 Index 313