Developmental and Fetal Origins of Differences in Monozygotic Twins

1. Introduction 2. Biology of monozygotic twinning 3. Mechanisms of discordance in monozygotic twins: why and when? 4. Monozygotic twins in history: enlightenment by mythology and ethnography 5. Genetics and epigenetics differences in monozygotic twins: the vision of the geneticist 6. Heterokaryotypic monozygotic twins 7. Differences in placentation in monochorionic twin pregnancies 8. Differences in growth: selective intrauterine growth restriction in monochorionic twins 9. Hemoglobin differences at birth in monochorionic twins 10. Differences in amniotic fluid in MZ twins 11. Twin-reversed arterial perfusion sequence: different identical twins 12. Major discordant anomalies in monozygotic twins: management and outcome 13. Congenital heart disease in monozygotic twins 14. Spotting the differences in the first trimester of pregnancy in MZ twins: the issue of aneuploidies and TTTS screening 15. Noninvasive prenatal screening in twin pregnancies 16. A new way to look at multiples: the power of image 17. Differences in monozygotic twins: the implications of diet and intestinal microbioma 18. Differences in development in monozygotic twins 19. Monozygotic twins: a personal as well as a criminal and jurisdictional approach 20. Monozygotic twin differences in perceived age 21. The environmental differences between twins in utero and their importance for downstream development: a need for standardized monitoring in obstetric research 22. Future perspectives