The book is essential for understanding innovative solutions to the critical challenges posed by increasing wastewater pollution and the urgent need for sustainable practices in light of climate change and resource scarcity.
Increased population growth and climate change put continuous pressure on freshwater resources across the globe. The volume and diversity of pollutants in wastewater discharged from industry have significantly increased over the years, making conventional wastewater treatment systems unfit for managing industrial wastewater released into the environment. The limitations of existing treatments appear not only in the suitability of the technologies to abate emerging pollutants, but also in the approach used to mitigate the situation and ensure sustainability of the process. For wastewater treatment, the circular economy, which is based on the principles reduce, reuse, recycle, restore, and recover, will ensure that waste is minimized and the life-cycle value of natural resources and products is maximized. Considerable progress has been made in developing new technologies that can adequately address the issue. However, with larger volumes of wastewater to treat every day, the cost of treatment is overwhelming, necessitating the right combination of technologies that will promote the reuse of pollutants recovered during the treatment process to offset the treatment cost. Customized Technologies for Sustainable Management of Industrial Wastewater: A Circular Economy Approach presents fifteen comprehensive chapters that cover the sustainability of industrial wastewater treatment technologies with consideration to the circular economy.
Readers will find the volume:
Emphasizes the mechanisms and strategic combination of technologies that maximize the recovery of valuables during industrial wastewater treatment and deliver effluents treated to the acceptable standard; Discusses the characteristics, purity, and potential uses and applications of the recovered products; Focuses on the strategic development of technologies for the sustainable treatment of industrial wastewater at large.
Audience
Researchers, mining and industrial professionals, environmental managers, and policymakers involved in environmental, chemical, engineering, and mineral processing fields in the industries; water treatment plants managers and operators, water authorities, government regulatory bodies officers, and environmentalists.
Preface xxiii Part I: Stepwise Treatment of Industrial Wastewater Using a Combination of Approaches 1 1 A Review of the Reducing and Alkalinity-Producing System (RAPS) for Acid Mine Drainage Neutralization 3 Mafeto Malatji, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu and Bhekie B. Mamba 1.1 Background 4 1.2 The Reducing and Alkalinity-Producing System (RAPS) as a Passive Treatment System 10 1.3 Geochemical Modeling for the Prediction of the Dispersion of Metals in Water Systems 26 1.4 Conclusion 29 2 Novel Hybrid Nature-Based Solutions for the Sustainable Treatment of Industrial Wastewater: Alkaline and Acid Mine Drainage 39 Schoeman, Y., Erasmus, M., Naidoo, N. and Oberholster, P.J. 2.1 Introduction 40 2.2 Nature-Based Treatment Options for Environmental and Public Health Protection 44 2.3 NBS for Industrial and Mining Wastewater Treatment 54 2.4 Novel Hybrid NBS 64 2.5 Conclusion 100 3 Use of Chemical and Physical Techniques in Stepwise Treatment of Industrial Wastewater 111 Zvinowanda, Caliphs and Ncube Pauline 3.1 Introduction 112 3.2 Stepwise Treatment of Industrial Wastewater Using Chemical Operations 113 4 Trends on the Occurrence, Challenges, Migration, and Remediation of Emerging Contaminants in Aquatic Environments 135 Paki Israel Dikobe, Memory Tekere, Beauclair Nguegang and Vhahangwele Masindi 4.1 Introduction 136 4.2 Emerging Contaminants in the Environment 137 4.3 Classes of Emerging Contaminants 137 4.4 Sources of Emerging Contaminants 147 4.5 The Effects of the Emerging Contaminants 152 4.6 Variation of Emerging Contaminants in Aqueous Environments 154 4.7 Required Limits of Potable Water Quality Standards and Guidelines 158 4.8 Treatment of Emerging Contaminants 159 4.9 Conclusions 164 4.10 Future Research Outlook 165 5 An Update on the Progress, Trends and Challenges of Drinking Water Treatment and Provision 193 Maphanga Donald, Mapula Lucey Moropeng, Vhahangwele Masindi and Beauclair Nguegang 5.1 Raw Water 194 5.2 Drinking Water Treatment Process 194 5.3 Functionalities of Drinking Water Treatment Process 195 5.4 Final Water and Challenges 195 5.5 Distribution Water Challenges 196 5.6 Types of Disinfectants and Oxidants 197 5.7 Role of Chlorine in Water Treatment 200 5.8 Effects of Chlorine as a Post-Disinfectant 202 5.9 Regulatory Requirements 202 5.10 Chlorine Decay 203 5.11 Chlorine Decay Models 204 5.12 The Limitations of Traditional Chlorine Decay Models 207 5.13 Experimental Approaches 207 5.14 Simulations and Mathematical Estimates 210 5.15 The Rate Constant of Chlorine Decay with the Wall of Water Pipe 211 5.16 Tools for Simulations and Mathematical Estimates 212 5.17 Software Packages for Chlorine Decay Simulations 214 5.18 Challenges of Simulations 215 5.19 Conclusion and Avenues for Future Research 216 Part II: Treatment of Industrial Wastewater Using Sustainable Technologies that are Effective and Affordable 223 6 A Comprehensive Assessment of the Chemical-Based Technologies for Waste(Water) Treatment 225 Linda L. Sibali, Zolani Dyosi, Beauclair Nguegang and Vhahangwele Masindi 6.1 Introduction 226 6.2 Overview of Chemical Treatment Technologies 228 6.3 Advantages of Chemical Technology Treatment Processes over Biological Processes 236 6.4 Overview on Technical Expertise 240 6.5 Overview on Equipment and Machinery 241 6.6 Overview Recent Chemical Materials Used in Wastewater Treatment Plants 244 6.7 Conclusions 247 7 Treatment of Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater from Power Stations Using Freeze Crystallization 257 A.L. Tau and J.P. Maree 7.1 Introduction 259 7.2 Literature Review on Freeze Crystallization 263 7.3 Water Treatment with the Integrated Power Plant 292 7.4 Treatment Options 296 7.5 Conclusions 305 7.6 Recommendations 305 8 Sustainabilities and Challenges of Safe Drinking Water Provisions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 311 Siphelele Nduli, Memory Tekere, Vhahangwele Masindi and Beauclair Nguegang 8.1 Introduction 312 8.2 Sources of Surface Water Contamination 312 8.3 Common Microbial Contaminants of Water and Their Public Health Implications 317 8.4 Processes for Surface Water Treatment for Drinking Purposes 319 8.5 Factors Shaping Microbial Community Composition of Water 326 8.6 Sampling for Microbial Community Composition Studies 333 8.7 Approaches to Studying Microbial Community Composition 335 8.8 Conclusion 341 Part III: Optimization of the Recovery of Valuable By-Products from the Treatment Process (Circular Economy) 357 9 Avenues for the Recovery and Synthesis of Valuable Minerals from Municipal Wastewater and Their Valorization 359 Collen Nepfumbada, Tavenga Nikita, Beauclair Nguegang and Vhahangwele Masindi 9.1 Introduction 360 9.2 Streams and Their Composition 363 9.3 Ecological Impacts of Municipal Wastewater 364 9.4 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Methods 367 9.5 Water Treatment Challenges 369 9.6 Beneficiation and Valorization of Products 369 9.7 Valorization Challenges and Sustainability 372 9.8 Conclusions 373 9.9 Future Outlook and Research Avenues 374 10 Recovery, Valorization, and Beneficiation of Valuable Minerals From Natural Acid Mine Drainage and Their Respective Application in Wastewater Treatment 389 Khathutshelo Lilith Muedi, Vhahangwele Masindi and Hendrik Gideon Brink 10.1 Introduction 391 10.2 Acid Mine Drainage and Its Mechanisms 391 10.3 Diverse Mine Effluents and Their Elemental Composition 396 10.4 Ramifications of Acid Mine Drainage 399 10.5 Treatment Technologies of Acid Mine Drainage 402 10.6 Acid Mine Drainage Exploitation Opportunities 406 10.7 Heavy Metal Contaminants in Wastewater 421 10.8 Other Paramount Water Contaminants 430 10.9 Adsorption Phenomena 439 10.10 Conclusions 448 11 Recovery of Na 2 Co 3 and Mg(OH) 2 from Alkali Earth Metal Sulfates 467 Conny P. Mokgohloa, Johannes P. Maree, Malose P. Mokhonoana and Mary P. Motaung 11.1 Introduction 468 11.2 Literature 470 11.3 Materials and Methods 478 11.4 Results and Discussion 482 11.5 Conclusions 531 12 Trends, Prospects, and Challenges of Treatment, Recovering, and Synthesizing Valuable Minerals from Acid Mine Drainage 537 N. Tshikosi, B. Nguegang, Vhahangwele Masindi and M.M. Ramakokovhu 12.1 Introduction 538 12.2 Formation of Acid Mine Drainage 538 12.3 Composition of Different Mine Drainages 540 12.4 Challenges of Acid Mine Drainage 542 12.5 Treatment Strategies of AMD (Active, Passive, and Integrated) 545 12.6 Adsorption 550 12.7 Types of the Adsorption Process 552 12.8 Adsorbents 553 12.9 Opportunities of Acid Mine Drainage 554 12.10 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 558 13 Technical and Economic Feasibility of Pigment and Drinking Water Recovery from Iron-Rich Acid Mine Water 565 Mokgadi Gladness Rapeta, Johannes Philippus Maree and Tumelo Monty Mogashane 13.1 Background 566 13.2 Literature 571 13.3 Materials and Methods 577 13.4 Results and Discussion 581 13.5 Intensive Farming 594 13.6 Conclusions 595 Acknowledgments 596 References 597 Index 603
Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, PhD is a professor in the Department of Mining Engineering at the University of South Africa. He has over 220 publications, including journal articles, books, book chapters, and conference proceeding papers. His research focuses on the hydrometallurgical extraction of metal from solid phases, the prediction of pollutant dispersion from industrial areas, and the development of effective and sustainable methods for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from polluted water. Vhahangwele Masindi, PhD is the Research and Development Manager at Magalies Water, a research associate at the University of South Africa, and a visiting research scientist at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. He has over 117 publications, including journal articles, books, book chapters, patents, and conference proceeding papers. His research focuses on environmental quality modeling, water resource management, water and wastewater treatment, sustainability, circular economy in water treatment, and waste beneficiation and valorization. Johannes Maree, PhD is the founder of ROC Water Technologies, a company focused on processing mining waste to recover drinking water and other products. His current projects include a Water Research Center project where the ROC process needs to be demonstrated to treat iron-rich acid mine water, a THRIP focusing on the thermal processing of sodium sulphate, and brine treatment with freeze crystallization for the selective recovery of ice, sodium sulphate, and sodium chloride. Bhekie Mamba is the executive dean of the College of Science, Engineering and Technology at the University of South Africa. He has published seven book chapters, over 250 journal papers, 12 technical reports, and over 50 conference proceedings. His research interests include nanotechnology, polymer chemistry, and water treatment technologies.
