CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

Section 0: Introduction The Editor and Editorial Board Preface New Data and Updates in the 106th Edition On the Evaluation of Chemistry and Physics Data Current Contributors Part 1 Data on Chemical Substances Section 1: Elements and Their Isotopes Introduction The Elements: Properties Standard Atomic Weights Atomic Masses and Isotopic Abundances Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Points and Densities of the Elements Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25 °C Heat Capacity of Solid Elements as a Function of Temperature Table of the Isotopes Phase Transition Temperatures of the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements Density of Molten Elements as a Function of Temperature Physical and Thermal Properties of Rare-Earth Metals Thermal Properties of Pure Elemental Metals Electrical Resistivity of Pure Elemental Metals Electron Work Function of the Elements Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements Optical Properties of The Elements Electronegativity of the Elements Index of Refraction of Liquid Elements Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements - Equations Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements - Data Description and History of Elements Section 2: Atomic Structure and Spectroscopy Data Introduction Electron Configuration and Ionization Energies of Neutral Atoms and Atomic Ions Electron Affinities of the Atomic Elements Persistent Lines of the Neutral Atomic Elements Atomic Radii of the Elements Polarizabilities of the Atomic Elements Section 3: Properties of Organic Compounds Introduction Physical Constants of Organic Compounds CAS Registry Number Index of Organic Compounds Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Organic Compounds Critical Constants of Organic Compounds Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Miscibility of Organic Solvents Dependence of Boiling Point of Organic Liquids on Pressure Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds Perfluoro- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Section 4: Properties of Inorganic Compounds Introduction Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds CAS Registry Number Index of Inorganic Compounds Critical Constants of Inorganic Compounds Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids Density of Molten Inorganic Salts as a Function of Temperature Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals Magnetic Susceptibility of Inorganic Compounds Optical Properties of Inorganic Solids Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds as a Function of Temperature Solubility Product Constants of Inorganic Salts Solubility Charts for Inorganic Salts Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals Crystallographic Data on Minerals Section 5: Properties of Water Introduction Thermophysical Properties of Water and Steam Fixed-Point Thermophysical Properties of H2O and D2O Properties of Saturated Liquid D2O Vapor Pressure and Other Saturation Properties of Water Standard Density of Water as a Function of Temperature Ionization Constant of Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water at Saturated Vapor Pressure Electrical Conductivity of Water Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water as a Function of Frequency Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water Vapor Pressure of Ice Solid-Liquid Phase Equilibria for Ice as a Function of Pressure Index of Refraction of Water Properties of Seawater Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Seawater Section 6: Properties of Polymers Introduction Abbreviations Used in Polymer Science and Technology Physical Properties of Important Polymers Polymer Solvents Glass Transition Temperatures for Polymers Permittivity of Polymers Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships for Polymer Melts Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions Solubility Parameters of Polymers Section 7: Properties of Bio-Medical Compounds and Substances Introduction Properties of Amino Acids Structures of Common Amino Acids Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases The Genetic Code Properties of Fatty Acids and their Methyl Esters Composition and Properties of Oils and Fats Carbohydrate Names and Symbols Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Biochemical Reactants Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions Apparent Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Protein-Ligand Binding Reactions Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water Biological Buffers pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods Properties and Functions of Important Drugs Properties of Controlled Substances Section 8: Chemical Structure, Bonding, and Molecular Spectroscopy Data Introduction Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules Dipole Moments Hindered Internal Rotation Bond Dissociation Energies Force Constants for Bond Stretching Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules Polarizabilities of Molecules Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules Electron Affinities of Molecules Part 2 Data for the Practice of Chemistry and Physics Section 9: Physical Chemistry Data Introduction CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Ions Proton Affinities Heat of Combustion Heat Capacity of Solids as a Function of Temperature Transition Temperatures and Heats of Transition for Metal Oxyanion Salts Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions Molar Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI Molar Electrical Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution Electrochemical Series Meaning Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts as a Function of Concentration Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures Section 10: Environmental Chemistry Data Introduction Chemical Reaction Rate Constants for Atmospheric Studies Properties of Refrigerants Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases Annual Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide and Methane Aqueous Solubility and Henry's Law Constants of Organic Compounds Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients Global Temperature Trend, 1880-2024 Solar Irradiance at the Earth Geographical and Seasonal Variations in Solar Radiation Infrared Absorption by the Earth's Atmosphere U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976) Section 11: Solid-State Chemistry and Physics Data Introduction Thermal Analysis for Materials Characterization Microscopy Techniques for Materials Characterization Symmetry of Crystals Ionic Radii in Crystals The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy Elastic Constants of Single Crystals Polarizability of Atoms and Ions in Solids Electrical Resistivity of Binary Alloys Electrical Resistivity of Carbon Materials Curie Temperature of Ferroelectric Crystals Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals Properties of Superconductors High-Temperature Superconductors Organic Superconductors Properties of Semiconductors Properties of Semiconductor Solid Solutions Properties of Organic Semiconductors Diffusion Data for Semiconductors Properties of Magnetic Materials Organic Magnets Thermal and Strength Properties of Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures Thermoelectric Properties of Metals and Semiconductors Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals Secondary Electron Emission Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths Electron Stopping Powers Attenuation Coefficients for High-Energy Electromagnetic Radiation Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials Section 12: Industrial Chemistry Data Introduction Thermophysical Properties of Air Thermophysical Properties of Fluids Thermophysical Properties of Fluids at Saturation Vapor Pressure of Compounds and Elements Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures below 300 K Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions Enthalpy of Vaporization Enthalpy of Fusion Virial Coefficients of Gases Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients of Liquids Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Liquid Density Properties of Cryogenic Fluids Properties of Liquid Helium Properties of Ionic Liquids Energy Content of Fuels Surface Tension of Liquids Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures Surface Active Chemicals (Surfactants) Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases Viscosity of Gases Viscosity of Liquids Thermal Conductivity of Gases and Refrigerants Thermal Conductivity of Liquids Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points Sublimation Pressure of Solids Solubility of Gases in Water as a Function of Temperature Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water Diffusion in Gases Diffusion of Gases in Water Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases Index of Refraction of Air Index of Refraction of Gases Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes Section 13: Astrophysics, Earth Sciences, and Physics Data Introduction Astronomical Constants Properties of the Solar System Interstellar Molecules Mass, Dimensions, and Other Parameters of the Earth Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth Acceleration Due to Gravity Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude Summary Tables of Particle Properties Blackbody Radiation Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation Coefficient of Friction Part 3 Data for Modern Chemical Laboratories Section 14: Analytical Chemistry Data Introduction Abbreviations and Symbols Used in Analytical Chemistry Basic Instrumental Techniques of Analytical Chemistry Analytical Standardization and Calibration Figures of Merit Mass- and Volume-Based Concentration Units Detection of Outliers in Measurements Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography Symbols Used in Gas and Liquid Chromatographic Schematic Diagrams Stationary Phases for Porous-Layer Open Tubular Columns Coolants for Cryotrapping Properties of Cross-Linked Silicone Stationary Phases Detectors for Gas Chromatography Varieties of Hyphenated Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices Pressure Drop in Open Tubular Gas Chromatographic Columns Phase Ratios for Capillary Columns Minimum Recommended Injector Split Ratios for Capillary Columns Eluotropic Values of Solvents on Octadecylsilane and Octylsilane Solid-Phase Microextraction Sorbents Instability of HPLC Solvents Fluorescence Labeling Reagents Used Pre-Column in HPLC Detectors for Liquid Chromatography Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry Correlation Table for Ultraviolet Active Functionalities Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts Spurious Infrared Absorption Bands Raman Band Frequencies Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy Properties of NMR Nuclei Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families Proton NMR Correlation Chart for Major Organic Functional Groups Proton NMR Shifts of Organic Liquids Proton Chemical Shifts of Contaminants in Deuterated Solvents 13C-NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups 13C-NMR Chemical Shifts of Organic Solvents 15N-NMR Chemical Shifts of Major Chemical Families Natural Abundance of Isotopes Important in Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns of Organic Compound Families Mass Spectral Fragments Lost Reference Masses in the Spectrum of Heptacosafluorotributylamine (Perfluorotributylamine) Mass Spectral Peaks of Organic Liquids Spurious Signals Observed in Mass Spectrometers Chlorine-Bromine Combination Isotope Intensities in Mass Spectral Patterns Analyzing Crystals in X-Ray Spectrometers K Absorption Edges and Characteristic Emission Lines of Atomic Elements Radioisotope Sources for X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy Standards for Laboratory Weights Reduction of Weighings in Air to in Vacuo Indicators for Acids and Bases Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Ions Section 15: Chemical and Laboratory Safety Data Introduction Chemical Safety Risk Assessment Methodology Abbreviations Used in the Assessment and Presentation of Laboratory Hazards Incompatible Chemicals Water-Reactive Chemicals Pyrophoric Compounds - Compounds That React with Air Peroxide Testing Explosion (Shock) Hazards Flammable Liquids Categorization Criteria Flammability of Solvents and Other Chemical Substances Chemical Carcinogens Radiation Safety and Protection Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides Safety in the Use of Cryogens Nanomaterial Safety Guidelines Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants Chemical Fume Hoods and Biological Safety Cabinets Gas Cylinder Safety Compressed Air Safety Laser Hazards in the Laboratory Magnetic Field Safety Electrical Shock Hazards Laboratory Glove Selection Protective Clothing Selection of Respirator Cartridges and Filters Selection of Hearing Protection Devices Types and Uses of Fire Extinguishers Section 16: Practical Laboratory Data Introduction Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents Density of Solvents as a Function of Temperature pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25 °C Constant Humidity Solutions Standard Salt Solutions for Humidity Calibration Low-Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature Metals and Alloys with Low-Melting Temperature Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Electrical Conductivity Cells Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables Recommended Secondary Reference Points on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) Metal Carbide-Carbon Phase Transition Temperatures Part 4 Reference Tables and Indices Section 17: Units, Constants, and Conversion Factors CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2018 International System of Units (SI) Expression of Uncertainty of Measurements Descriptive Terms for Solubility Units for Magnetic Properties Conversion Factors for Energy Units Conversion Factors for Pressure Units Units of Measure for Vacuum Systems Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units Thermodynamic Functions and Relations Section 18: Nomenclature, Terminology, and Symbols Nomenclature for Chemical Compounds Representation of Chemical Structures with the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI) Definition of Ambient Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols Section 19: Covers and Indices Periodic Table of the Elements Standard Atomic Weights in Atomic Order Number Fundamental Physical Constants - Frequently Used Constants