CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

SECTION 1: BASIC CONSTANTS, UNITS, AND CONVERSION FACTORS CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2019 Standard Atomic Weights (2013) Atomic Masses and Abundances Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) International System of Units (SI) Units for Magnetic Properties Conversion Factors for Energy Units Conversion Factors for Pressure Units Descriptive Terms for Solubility Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems Periodic Table of the Elements Standard Atomic Weights in Atomic Order Number Fundamental Physical Constants - Frequently Used Constants Definition of Ambient Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units SECTION 2: SYMBOLS, TERMINOLOGY, AND NOMENCLATURE Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Expression of Uncertainty of Measurements Nomenclature for Chemical Compounds Nomenclature for Inorganic Chemistry Representation of Chemical Structures with the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI) Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols Thermodynamic Functions and Relations Nobel Laureates in Chemistry and Physics SECTION 3: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Physical Constants of Organic Compounds Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds SECTION 4: PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS The Elements Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Points of the Elements Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25 °C Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements - Equations Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements - Data Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids and Liquid Elements Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals Crystallographic Data on Minerals SECTION 5: THERMOCHEMISTRY, KINETICS, ELECTROCHEMISTRY, AND SOLUTION CHEMISTRY CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Ions Heat of Combustion Energy Content of Fuels Chemical Reaction Rate Constants for Atmospheric Studies Ionization Constant of Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water at Saturated Vapor Pressure Electrical Conductivity of Water Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Electrical Conductivity Cells Molar Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI Molar Electrical Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution Electrochemical Series Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25 °C Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions Solubility of Selected Gases in Water Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures Aqueous Solubility and Henry's Law Constants of Organic Compounds Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients Solubility Product Constants of Inorganic Salts Solubility of Common Salts at Various Temperatures Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Seawater Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water Solubility Chart for Inorganic Salts SECTION 6: FLUID PROPERTIES Thermophysical Properties of Water and Steam Vapor Pressure and Other Saturation Properties of Water Standard Density of Water Fixed-Point Properties of H2O and D2O Properties of Saturated Liquid D2O Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water Vapor Pressure of Ice Melting Point of Ice as a Function of Pressure Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water at Various Frequencies Thermophysical Properties of Air Thermophysical Properties of Fluids Thermophysical Properties of Selected Fluids at Saturation Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points Critical Constants of Organic Compounds Critical Constants of Inorganic Compounds Sublimation Pressure of Solids Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures below 300 K Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions Enthalpy of Vaporization Enthalpy of Fusion Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients of Liquids Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Liquid Density Properties of Cryogenic Fluids Properties of Liquid Helium Properties of Refrigerants Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates Ionic Liquids Surface Tension of Common Liquids Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures Surface Active Chemicals (Surfactants) Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures Viscosity of Gases Viscosity of Liquids Thermal Conductivity of Gases and Refrigerants Thermal Conductivity of Liquids Diffusion in Gases Diffusion of Gases in Water Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution SECTION 7: BIOCHEMISTRY Properties of Amino Acids Structures of Common Amino Acids Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases The Genetic Code Properties of Fatty Acids and Their Methyl Esters Composition and Properties of Common Oils and Fats Carbohydrate Names and Symbols Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Biochemical Reactants Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions Apparent Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Protein-Ligand Binding Reactions Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water Biological Buffers Typical pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods Structure and Functions of Some Common Drugs Properties of Controlled Substances Chemical Constituents of Human Blood Chemical Composition of the Human Body SECTION 8: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Abbreviations and Symbols Used in Analytical Chemistry Basic Instrumental Techniques of Analytical Chemistry Analytical Standardization and Calibration Figures of Merit Mass- and Volume-Based Concentration Units Detection of Outliers in Measurements Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography Common Symbols Used in Gas and Liquid Chromatographic Schematic Diagrams Stationary Phases for Porous Layer Open Tubular Columns Coolants for Cryotrapping Properties of Common Cross-Linked Silicone Stationary Phases Detectors for Gas Chromatography Varieties of Hyphenated Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices Pressure Drop in Open Tubular Gas Chromatographic Columns Phase Ratios for Capillary Columns Minimum Recommended Injector Split Ratios for Capillary Columns Eluotropic Values of Solvents on Octadecylsilane and Octylsilane Instability of HPLC Solvents Detectors for Liquid Chromatography Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry Correlation Table for Ultraviolet Active Functionalities Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts Common Spurious Infrared Absorption Bands Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy Properties of Important NMR Nuclei Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families Proton NMR Correlation Chart for Major Organic Functional Groups Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Liquids Proton Chemical Shifts of Contaminants in Deuterated Solvents 13C-NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups 13C-NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Organic Solvents 15N-NMR Chemical Shifts of Major Chemical Families Natural Abundance of Important Isotopes Common Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns of Organic Compound Families Common Mass Spectral Fragments Lost Major Reference Masses in the Spectrum of Heptacosafluorotributylamine (Perfluorotributylamine) Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Liquids Common Spurious Signals Observed in Mass Spectrometers Chlorine-Bromine Combination Isotope Intensities in Mass-Spectral Patterns Reduction of Weighings in Air to Vacuo Standards for Laboratory Weights Indicators for Acids and Bases Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Ions SECTION 9: MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND SPECTROSCOPY Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules Atomic Radii of the Elements Dipole Moments Hindered Internal Rotation Bond Dissociation Energies Electronegativity Force Constants for Bond Stretching Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules SECTION 10: ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS Summary Tables of Particle Properties Persistent Lines of Neutral Atomic Elements Atomic Transition Probabilities Electron Affinities Proton Affinities Polarizabilities of Atoms and Molecules Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules Attenuation Coefficients for High-Energy Electromagnetic Radiation Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths Blackbody Radiation Characteristics of Infrared Detectors Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals Refractive Index and Transmittance of Representative Glasses Index of Refraction of Water Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes Index of Refraction of Air Index of Refraction of Gases SECTION 11: NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS Table of the Isotopes Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties Cosmic Radiation SECTION 12: PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS Techniques for Materials Characterization Symmetry of Crystals Ionic Radii in Crystals Polarizability of Atoms and Ions in Solids Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements Phase Transitions in the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy Elastic Constants of Single Crystals Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys Electrical Resistivity of Graphite Materials Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids Curie Temperature of Selected Ferroelectric Crystals Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals Dielectric Constants of Glasses Properties of Superconductors High-Temperature Superconductors Organic Superconductors Properties of Semiconductors Selected Properties of Semiconductor Solid Solutions Properties of Organic Semiconductors Diffusion Data for Semiconductors Properties of Magnetic Materials Organic Magnets Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths Electron Stopping Powers Electron Work Function of the Elements Secondary Electron Emission Optical Properties of Selected Elements Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids Properties of Selected Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures Heat Capacity of Selected Solids Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature Thermal Conductivity of Alloys as a Function of Temperature Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials Thermal Conductivity of Glasses Thermoelectric Properties of Metals and Semiconductors Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals SECTION 13: POLYMER PROPERTIES Abbreviations Used in Polymer Science and Technology Physical Properties of Selected Polymers Nomenclature for Organic Polymers Solvents for Common Polymers Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers Dielectric Constant of Selected Polymers Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships for Polymer Melts Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions Solubility Parameters of Selected Polymers SECTION 14: GEOPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY, AND ACOUSTICS Astronomical Constants Properties of the Solar System Satellites of the Planets Interstellar Molecules Mass, Dimensions, and Other Parameters of the Earth Geological Time Scale Acceleration Due to Gravity Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude Properties of Seawater Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea Solar Irradiance at the Earth U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976) Geographical and Seasonal Variations in Solar Radiation Major World Earthquakes Infrared Absorption by the Earth's Atmosphere Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, 1958-2019 Global Temperature Trend, 1880-2019 Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases Speed of Sound in Various Media Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Air as a Function of Humidity and Frequency Speed of Sound in Dry Air SECTION 15: PRACTICAL LABORATORY DATA Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale Relative Sensitivity of Bayard-Alpert Ionization Gauges to Various Gases Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents Miscibility of Organic Solvents Density of Solvents as a Function of Temperature Dependence of Boiling Point on Pressure Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution Correction of Barometer Readings to 0 °C Temperature Determination of Relative Humidity from Dew Point Determination of Relative Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Temperatures Constant Humidity Solutions Standard Salt Solutions for Humidity Calibration Low-Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature Metals and Alloys with Low Melting Temperature Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids Density of Various Solids Density of Sulfuric Acid Density of Ethanol-Water Mixtures Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials Coefficient of Friction SECTION 16: HEALTH AND SAFETY INFORMATION Chemical Safety Abbreviations Used in the Assessment and Presentation of Laboratory Hazards Incompatible Chemicals Explosion (Shock) Hazards Water-Reactive Chemicals Testing Requirements for Peroxidizable Compounds Tests for the Presence of Peroxides Pyrophoric Compounds - Compounds That Are Reactive with Air Flammability Hazards of Common Solvents Flammability of Chemical Substances Materials Compatible with and Resistant to 72 Percent Perchloric Acid Selection of Laboratory Gloves Selection of Protective Laboratory Garments Selection of Respirator Cartridges and Filters Protective Clothing Levels Selection of Hearing Protection Devices Chemical Fume Hoods and Biological Safety Cabinets Gas Cylinder Safety and Stamped Markings Compressed Air Safety Safety in the Use of Cryogens Nanomaterial Safety Guidelines Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants Chemical Carcinogens Laser Hazards in the Laboratory General Characteristics of Ionizing Radiation for Practical Application of Radiation Protection Radiation Safety Units Relative Dose Ranges from Ionizing Radiation Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides APPENDIX B: SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA INDEX