Corrosion Chemistry

List of tables ix Acknowledgements xi Preface xiii 1. Corrosion and Its Definition 01 2. The Corrosion Process and Affecting Factors 03 3. Corrosion Types Based on Mechanism 07 3.1 Uniform Corrosion 07 3.2 Pitting Corrosion 08 3.3 Crevice Corrosion 09 3.4 Galvanic Corrosion 10 3.5 Intergranular Corrosion 11 3.6 Selective Corrosion 12 3.7 Erosion or Abrasion Corrosion 12 3.8 Cavitation Corrosion 12 3.9 Fretting Corrosion 13 3.10 Stress Corrosion Cracking 13 3.11 Microbial Corrosion 13 4. Corrosion Types of Based on the Media 15 4.1 Atmospheric Corrosion 15 4.2 Corrosion in Water 18 4.3 Corrosion in Soil 20 5. Nature of Protective Metal Oxide Films 23 6. Effect of Aggressive Anions on Corrosion 27 7. Corrosion Prevention Methods 31 8. Commonly Used Alloys and their Properties 33 8.1 Aluminum 2024 Alloy 35 8.2 Aluminum 7075 Alloy 36 8.3 Aluminum 6061 Alloy 36 9. Cost of Corrosion and Use of Corrosion Inhibitors 39 10. Types of Corrosion Inhibitors 43 10.1 Anodic Inhibitors 44 10.2 Cathodic Inhibitors 44 11. Chromates: Best Corrosion Inhibitors to Date 47 11.1 Limitations on the Use of Chromates due to Toxicity 48 11.2 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Chromates 53 12. Chromate Inhibitor Replacements: Current and Potential Applications 57 12.1 Nitrites 58 12.2 Trivalent Chromium Compounds 59 12.3 Oxyanions Analogous to Chromate 59 12.4 Synergistic Use of Oxyanions Analogues of Chromate 66  13. Sol-Gels (Ormosils) as Chromate Inhibitor Replacements: Properties and Uses 69 13.1 Types of Sol-Gel s 69 13.1 Types of Sol-Gels 70 13.2 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Sol-Gel Coatings 72 13.3 Synthesis of Sol-Gels 75 13.4 Incorporation of Corrosion Inhibitive Pigments to Sol-Gel Coatings 77 14. Corrosion in Engineering Materials 81 14.1 Introduction 81 14.2 Steel Structures 82 14.3 Concrete Structures 85 14.4 Protection against Corrosion in Construction 95 14.5 Corrosion of Unbonded Prestressing Tendons 116 14.6 Cathodic Protection 120 14.7 Corrosion in Industry Projects 135 References 145 Index 173