Coppice Agroforestry

Dedication Acknowledgments Preface Foreword Introduction: What Is Coppice? What Is It?    Dissecting Our Definition Why Coppice? Why Is It Nonexistent Here? Why Do It Today?    Home and Community Scale Energy Security    Local Livelihoods and a Culture of Craft    Preserving Native Forests    Leaving a Legacy    Why Not? Purpose of This Book PART 1: HISTORY, BIOLOGY, SYSTEMS, AND ECONOMY Chapter 1: A Cultural History of Coppice Agroforestry Coppice: An Essential Prehistoric Resource    The Landscapes of Prehistoric Europe and Early Evidence of Coppice    Resprouts in Pre-contact North America Coppice in Europe: From Subsistence Resource to Market Commodity    Roman Legacies: Industrial-scale Copses and Sweet Chestnut    Medieval Woodlands: Composition, Patterns, and Protection    The Manorial System: Private Ownership and Wooded Commons Coppice in the Emerging Market Economy    Charcoal for Industry Boosts Coppice Production    Shifting Products, Markets, and Management The Near Extinction of Coppicing    The Rise of Modern Forestry    Coppice in Colonial and Industrial North America? Revival? Coppicing for the 22nd Century    European Revival Recapitulation: Crafting Regenerative Resprout Silviculture Chapter 2: The Anatomy and Physiology of Woody Plants Woody Plant Organs and Tissues    Primary Organs: Crown, Trunk, and Roots    Woody Plant Forms: Overall Aboveground Architecture    Meristems: Tissues Capable of Division    Wood and Bark: Tissues of the Trunk Tree Growth, Development, Life Span, and Decay    Generalized Growth Pattern: Nested Cones    Woody Plant Growth Habits: Above- and Belowground       Plant Growth Patterns    The Timing and Pattern of Seasonal Growth    Tree Health and Life Span: An Energetic Balancing Act Sprouts and Resprouts    The Adaptive Utility of the Ability to Resprout    Anatomy and Physiology of Angiosperm Sprouting Conclusion Chapter 3: Ecology of Coppice Systems The Economy of Forest Ecosystems Natural Communities and Forest Cover Types Effects of Coppice on Community Ecology and Biodiversity   Key Differences Between Coppice and High Forest      Forest Growth Stages    Forest Gap Formation   Effects of Disturbance on Ground Layer Populations   Growth Stages and Microclimate   Effects of Access Rides and Woodland Roadways   Coppice and Bird Species   Coppice and Small Mammal Populations   Coppice and Deer   Coppice and Invertebrates   Butterflies   Deadwood   Nutrient Dynamics in Coppice Woods   Soil-Water Dynamics A Conservation Panacea? Chapter 4: Woodland Management Systems Systems Framework   Species   Economy   Disturbance Severity   Disturbance Chronology   Landscape Pattern Resprout Silviculture Systems both Historic and Modern   Adding Trees to Fields   Woodland-based Systems Other Types of Resprout Silviculture   Shredding   Stooling   Own-root Fruit Trees   Stump Culture or Coppiced Christmas Trees Silvicultural Foundations of High Forest Management   High Forest Management Systems Putting it All Together: Choosing the Right System for Your Landscape and Needs Chapter 5: Coppice Economics and Products Markets The Value-added Continuum Business Development Working Along the Value-added Continuum from Low to High   Woodchips: Biofuel, Soil-improving Mulches, Woodchip-Clay   Fodder   Fuelwood   Faggots   Charcoal   Carbon Farming   Garden Products   Holiday Ornamentation   Culinary and Medicinal Mushrooms   Food/Medicine/Wine   Fencing   Shelterbelts/Windbreaks/Soundbreaks   Hedges   Specialized Traditional Crafts   Baskets   Rustic Furniture   Green Woodworking   Building and Construction Materials   Buildings   Modern Product Potential Matching Production Systems to Regional Climate and Production Needs Financial Assistance to Support Coppice Management Forestry Cooperatives Conclusion PART II: 21st CENTURY COPPICE: A MODERN INTEGRATION Chapter 6: Listening to the Land: The Art of Ecological Design A Synthesis of Strategies The Silvicultural Standard: Forest Management Plans   Working with a Professional: The Role of Foresters Goals and Management Objectives Mapping   GIS Mapping   Mapping Forest Stands Site Analysis   Yeomans' Scale of Permanence   Stand-specific Assessments System Design   Cant Size, Rotation Length, and Layout   The Circulatory System: Access and Extraction Routes   Water Sources and Supply   Fodder and Fence System Design   Basket Willow Systems   Managing for Wildlife A Coppice Pattern Language: Design Details and Criteria Designing Cultivated Ecologies: Multistoried, Multifunctional Guild Design Temporal Design: Cant Establishment and Harvest Schedules Putting Down the Pencil and Picking Up the Shovel Chapter 7: Getting Started: Establishing Coppice on Your Land Woodland Conversion   Existing Stand Dynamics and Their Effects on Cant Development   Natural Regeneration: Restocking Forest Stands   Prescribed Burns Conclusion Field Transformation   Species   Layout and Spacing   Ground Prep   Planting Techniques   Planting a Hedgerow Maintenance and Protection   Tree Shelters   Irrigation Projecting Costs Keeping Records Is Key Chapter 8: Coppice Management and Harvest First Harvest Cycle: Coppice Establishment   When to Cut   Where to Cut   When to Initiate Coppicing Pollarding   Preparing a Tree for Pollarding   How and Where to Cut   Accessing and Harvesting Pollards   Timing   Disturbance Chronology Managing Hedgerows   The Art of Hedgelaying Tools and Felling Techniques   Specialized Pollarding Tools   Felling Snedding or Limbing Cross-cutting and Product Selection Extraction Storing Products Cant Management Maintenance Inputs   Stand Improvement   Pest and Weed Control   Access Restoring Overstood Coppice Epilogue Appendix 1: Additional Resources Appendix 2: Yield and Species-by-Use Tables Species-by-Use Table Bibliography Endnotes Glossary Bibliography Index About the Author A Note About the Publisher