This book provides a challenging and stimulating introduction to the contemporary topics of complexity and criticality, and explores their common basis. Criticality refers to the behaviour of extended systems at a phase transition where scale invariance prevails; the many constituent microscopic parts bringing about macroscopic phenomena that cannot be understood by considering a single part alone. The phenomenology of phase transitions is introduced by considering percolation, a simple model with a purely geometrical percolating phase transition, thus enabling the reader to become intuitively familiar with concepts such as scale invariance and renormalisation. The Ising model, meanwhile, is a simple model capturing the phase transition from a disordered to an ordered system as the temperature is lowered in zero external field. By emphasising analogies between percolation and the Ising model, the reader's intuition of phase transitions is developed so that the underlying theoretical formalism may be appreciated fully. These equilibrium systems undergo a phase transition only if an external agent finely tunes certain external parameters to particular values. Besides fractals and phase transitions, there are many examples in Nature of the emergence of such complex behaviour in slowly driven non-equilibrium systems: earthquakes in seismic systems, avalanches in granular media and rainfall in the atmosphere. A class of non-equilibrium systems, with no constraints in having to tune external parameters to obtain critical behaviour, is addressed in the framework of simple models, revealing that repeated application of simple rules might spontaneously give rise to emergent complex behaviour not encoded in the rules themselves. The common basis of complexity and criticality is identified and applied to a range of non-equilibrium systems. Finally, the reader is invited to speculate whether self-organisation in non-equilibrium systems might be a unifying concept for disparate fields such as statistical mechanics, geophysics and atmospheric physics.
Percolation: Percolating Phase Transition; In One and Two Dimensions, and in the Bethe Lattice; Geometric Properties of Clusters; Scaling Ansatz, Scaling Functions and Scaling Relations; Universality; Real-Space Renormalisation Group; Ising Model: Review of Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics; Symmetry Breaking; Ferromagnetic Phase Transition; In One and Two Dimensions, and in the Mean-Field; Landau Theory of Continuous Phase Transitions; Scaling Ansatz, Scaling Functions and Scaling Relations; Universality; Real-Space Renormalisation Group; Self-Organised Criticality: BTW Model in One and Two Dimensions, and in the Mean-Field; A Rice Pile Experiment and the Oslo Model; Earthquakes and the OFC Model; Rainfall; Self-Organised Criticality as a Unifying Principle.
Reviews for Complexity And Criticality
Personally, I enjoyed reading this book very much. The arguments are clear and draw attention to a number of useful insights ... Students will find the presentation on self-organized criticality fun to read, particularly because it deals with real phenomena, such as earthquakes, rice-pile avalanches and rainfall ... I strongly agree with these authors that undergraduates need to be exposed to issues related to complexity and criticality. Their textbook is the first that I have seen that makes developing such courses feasible. Mathematical Reviews
