Colloidal Quantum Dot Light Emitting Diodes Explore all the core components for the commercialization of quantum dot light emitting diodes
Quantum dot light emitting diodes (QDLEDs) are a technology with the potential to revolutionize solid-state lighting and displays. Due to the many applications of semiconductor nanocrystals, of which QDLEDs are an example, they also hold the potential to be adapted into other emerging semiconducting technologies. As a result, it is critical that the next generation of engineers and materials scientists understand these diodes and their latest developments.
Colloidal Quantum Dot Light Emitting Diodes: Materials and Devices offers a comprehensive introduction to this subject and its most recent research advancements. Beginning with a summary of the theoretical foundations and the basic methods for chemically synthesizing colloidal semiconductor quantum dots, it identifies existing and future applications for these groundbreaking technologies. The result is tailored to produce a thorough understanding of this area of research.
Colloidal Quantum Dot Light Emitting Diodes readers will also find:
An author with decades of experience in the field of organic electronics Detailed discussion of topics including advanced display technologies, the patent portfolio and commercial considerations, and more Strategies and design techniques for improving device performance
Colloidal Quantum Dot Light Emitting Diodes is ideal for material scientists, electronics engineers, inorganic and solid-state chemists, solid-state and semiconductor physicists, photochemists, and surface chemists, as well as the libraries that support these professionals.
By:
Hong Meng (Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School China)
Imprint: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
Country of Publication: Germany
Dimensions:
Height: 244mm,
Width: 170mm,
Spine: 25mm
Weight: 907g
ISBN: 9783527353279
ISBN 10: 3527353275
Pages: 400
Publication Date: 01 November 2023
Audience:
Professional and scholarly
,
Undergraduate
Format: Hardback
Publisher's Status: Active
Preface xi 1 History and Introduction of QDs and QDLEDs 1 1.1 Preparation Route of Quantum Dots 3 1.2 Light-Emitting Characteristics of Quantum Dots 3 1.2.1 Particle Size and Emission Color 3 1.2.2 Quantum Dot Optical Property 4 1.2.2.1 Quantum Surface Effect 4 1.2.2.2 Quantum Size Effect 4 1.2.2.3 Quantum Confinement Effect 5 1.2.2.4 Quantum Tunnelling Effect 5 1.2.2.5 Quantum Optical Properties 6 1.2.3 Core–Shell Structure of QDs 8 1.2.4 Continuously Gradated Core–Shell Structure of QDs (cg-QDs) 12 1.2.5 Typical QDs Materials 14 1.2.5.1 II–VI Semiconductor QDs 16 1.2.5.2 IV–VI Semiconductor QDs 17 1.2.5.3 II 3 –v 2 Semiconductor QDs 17 1.2.5.4 Ternary I–III–VI 2 Chalcopyrite Semiconductor QDs 17 1.2.5.5 Single Element-Based Semiconductor QDs 17 1.3 Application of Quantum Dots on Display Devices 18 1.3.1 The Basic Structure of QDLED 18 1.3.2 Main Factors Affecting QDLED Light Emission 19 1.3.2.1 Auger Recombination (AR) 19 1.3.2.2 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer 21 1.3.2.3 Surface Traps and Field Emission Burst 22 1.3.3 History of QDLED Development 22 1.4 Conclusion and Remarks 27 References 28 2 Colloidal Semiconductor Quantum Dot LED Structure and Principles 33 2.1 Basic Concepts 33 2.1.1 Color Purity 33 2.1.2 Solution Processability 34 2.1.3 Stability 35 2.1.4 Surface States of Quantum Dots 36 2.1.5 Energy Levels and Energy Bands 36 2.1.6 Metals, Semiconductors, and Insulators 37 2.1.7 Electrons and Holes 38 2.1.8 Fermi Distribution Function and Fermi Energy Level 39 2.1.9 Schottky Barrier 39 2.1.10 Energy Level Alignment 40 2.2 Colloidal Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Devices 40 2.2.1 The Basic Structure of QDLED 41 2.2.2 The Working Principle of QDLED 43 2.2.3 Operating Parameters of QDLED 44 2.2.3.1 Turn-on Voltage 44 2.2.3.2 Luminous Brightness 44 2.2.3.3 Luminous Efficiency 44 2.2.3.4 Luminescence Color 45 2.2.3.5 Luminous Lifetime 45 2.2.3.6 QDLED Device Fabrication Process 48 References 48 3 Synthesis and Characterization of Colloidal Semiconductor Quantum Dot Materials 51 3.1 Background 51 3.2 Synthesis and Post-processing of Colloidal Quantum Dots 53 3.2.1 Direct Heating Method and Hot Injection Synthesis Method 53 3.2.1.1 Hot-Injection Method 54 3.2.1.2 Direct Heating Method 55 3.2.2 Precursor Chemistry 56 3.2.3 Ligating and Non-ligating Solvents 56 3.2.4 Mechanism of Nucleation and Growth of Colloidal Quantum Dots 58 3.2.5 Size Distribution Focus and Size Distribution Scatter 59 3.2.6 Crystalline Species-Mediated Growth and Orientation of Nanocrystals Attachment Growth 60 3.2.7 Synthesis Methods and Band Gap Regulation Engineering of Nuclear-Shell Quantum Dots 61 3.2.7.1 Non-alloyed Core–Shell Quantum Dots 63 3.2.7.2 Alloy Core–Shell Quantum Dots 64 3.2.8 Surface Chemistry of Colloidal Quantum Dots 65 3.2.8.1 Covalent Bond Classification Method 65 3.2.8.2 Entropic Ligands 66 3.3 Material Characterization 66 3.3.1 Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra 67 3.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 69 3.3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 71 3.3.4 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 74 3.3.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy 76 3.3.6 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering and Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering 76 3.3.7 X-Ray Diffractometer 77 3.3.8 X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectra 78 3.3.9 Measurement of Fluorescence Quantum Yield 79 3.4 Conclusion and Outlook 79 References 81 4 Red Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes 87 4.1 Background 87 4.2 Red Light Quantum Dot Materials 88 4.2.1 Materials 89 4.2.2 Quantum Dot Structure Design and Optimization 90 4.2.3 Surface Ligands 91 4.2.4 Core–Shell Structure 94 4.2.5 Alloy Core–Shell Structure 96 4.3 Red QDLED Devices 97 4.3.1 Red QDLED Device Architecture Development 97 4.3.2 Common Device Structures 99 4.4 Conclusion and Outlook 102 References 104 5 Green Quantum Dot LED Materials and Devices 111 5.1 Background 111 5.2 Commonly Used Luminescent Layer Materials in Green QDLEDs 120 5.2.1 Discrete Core/Shell Quantum Dots 120 5.2.2 Alloyed Core/Shell Quantum Dots 121 5.2.3 Core/Multilayer Shell Quantum Dots 121 5.3 Development of Device Structures for Green QDLEDs 122 5.4 Factors Affecting the Performance of Green QDLEDs 125 5.4.1 QD Ligand Effect 126 5.4.2 QD Core/Shell Structure 129 5.4.3 Optimization of the Device Structure 130 5.4.4 Other Strategies to Improve Device Performance 132 5.5 Summary and Outlook 134 References 135 6 Blue Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes 141 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 Blue Quantum Dot Luminescent Materials 143 6.2.1 Blue Quantum Dots Containing Cadmium 145 6.2.2 Cadmium-Free Quantum Dots 149 6.2.2.1 Quantum Dots Based on InP 149 6.2.2.2 Quantum Dots Based on ZnSe 151 6.2.2.3 Quantum Dots Based on Cu 153 6.2.2.4 Quantum Dots Based on AlSb 155 6.3 Optimization of Charge Transport Layer (CTL) 155 6.3.1 Hole Transport Layer 156 6.3.2 Electron Transport Layer 161 6.4 Device Structure 164 6.5 Summary 166 References 168 7 Near-Infrared Quantum Dots (NIR QDs) 173 7.1 Introduction of Near-Infrared Quantum Dots 173 7.2 Near-Infrared Quantum Dot Materials 174 7.2.1 Chalcogenide Lead Quantum Dots 176 7.2.2 Chalcogenide Cadmium Quantum Dots 177 7.2.3 Silicon Quantum Dots 178 7.3 Optimization of Near-Infrared Quantum Dot Materials 179 7.3.1 Regulation of Near-Infrared Quantum Dots by Ligand Engineering 179 7.3.2 Control of Near-Infrared Quantum Dots by Core/Shell Structure 180 7.3.3 Quantum Dots in the Matrix 181 7.4 Summary and Prospect 182 References 183 8 White QDLED 187 8.1 Generation of White Light 187 8.2 Quantum Dots for White LEDs 188 8.2.1 Yellow–Blue Composite White Light Quantum Dots 189 8.2.1.1 Cadmium-Containing Yellow Light Quantum Dots 189 8.2.1.2 Cadmium-Free Yellow Light Quantum Dots 189 8.2.2 Three-Base Color Quantum Dot Composite 193 8.2.3 Quantum Dots with Direct White Light Emission 197 8.3 Summary Outlook 200 References 203 9 Non-Cadmium Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Materials and Devices 207 9.1 Introduction 207 9.2 Quantum Dots and QDLED 208 9.2.1 InP 208 9.2.2 ZnSe 215 9.2.3 I-iii-vi 218 9.3 Methods for Optimizing QDLED Performance 222 9.3.1 Ligand Engineering 223 9.3.2 Shell Engineering 224 9.3.3 QDLED Device Structure Optimization 225 9.4 Summary and Outlook 227 References 230 10 AC-Driven Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes 235 10.1 Principle of Luminescence of DC and AC-Driven QDLEDs 236 10.2 Mechanism of Double-Emission Tandem Structure of AC QDLEDs 239 10.2.1 Field-Generated AC QDLEDs 240 10.2.2 Half-Field to Half-Injection AC QDLEDs 242 10.2.3 AC/DC Dual Drive Mode QDLEDs 244 10.3 Optimization Strategies for AC QDLEDs 245 10.3.1 Optimization of the Field-Induced AC QDLED 247 10.3.1.1 Dielectric Layer Optimization 248 10.3.1.2 Quantum Dot Layer Optimization 250 10.3.2 Optimization of Half-Field-Driven Half-Injected AC QDLEDs 251 10.3.2.1 Charge Generation Layer Optimization 254 10.3.2.2 Tandem Structure 254 10.3.2.3 AC/DC Dual Drive Mode QDLED Optimization 255 10.3.3 Conclusion and Future Direction of AC-QDLED 256 References 257 11 Stability Study and Decay Mechanism of Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes 259 11.1 Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diode Stability Research Status 259 11.2 Factors Affecting the Stability of Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes 261 11.2.1 Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Layer 261 11.2.2 Hole Transport Layer 263 11.2.3 Electronic Transport Layer 265 11.2.4 Other Functional Layers 267 11.3 Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diode Efficiency Decay Mechanism 268 11.4 Aging Mechanisms of QDLEDs 271 11.4.1 Positive Aging 272 11.4.2 Negative Aging 273 11.4.3 Electron Transport Layer 274 11.4.4 Hole Transport Layer 275 11.4.5 QDs Layer 276 11.5 Characterization Technologies for QDLEDs 278 11.5.1 Transient Electroluminescence 279 11.5.2 Electro-Absorption (EA) Spectroscopy 281 11.5.3 In-Situ EL–PL Measurement 282 11.5.4 Differential Absorption Spectroscopy 283 11.5.5 Displacement Current Measurement DCM Technology 285 11.6 Outlook 286 References 287 12 Electron/Hole Injection and Transport Materials in Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes 291 12.1 Introduction 291 12.2 Charge-Transport Mechanisms 292 12.3 Electron Transport Materials (ETMs) for QDLED 293 12.3.1 Metal-Doped ETMs 293 12.3.2 Metal Salt-Doped ETMs 296 12.3.3 Design of Composite Materials ETMs 296 12.3.4 Polymer-Modified ETMs 296 12.3.5 Inorganic Organic Hybrid ETMs 296 12.3.6 Double-Stacked ETMs 297 12.4 Electron Injection Materials for QDLED 299 12.5 Hole Transport Materials for QDLED 301 12.5.1 Doping of HTMs 305 12.5.2 Compositions of HTMS 309 12.5.3 New HTM Materials for QDLED 311 12.6 Hole Injection Materials for QDLED 315 12.7 Summary and Outlook 321 References 322 13 Quantum Dot Industrial Development and Patent Layout 327 13.1 Introduction 327 13.2 Patent Layout 330 13.2.1 Nanosys 330 13.2.2 SAMSUNG 332 13.2.3 Nanoco 335 13.2.4 Najing Tech 338 13.2.5 CSOT 344 13.2.6 BOE 347 13.2.7 TCL 351 13.3 Summary and Outlook 355 References 355 14 Patterning Techniques for Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes (QDLED) 361 14.1 Introduction 361 14.2 Photolithography 361 14.3 Micro-Contact Transfer 363 14.4 Inkjet Printing 366 14.5 Other Patterning Techniques 368 14.6 Conclusion 369 References 370 Index 373
Hong Meng, PhD, is a Professor in the School of Advanced Materials at the Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, China. After receiving his PhD from University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 2002, he has spent the last twenty years of his career working at the Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (IMRE) in Singapore, Lucent Technologies Bell Labs, and DuPont Experimental Station.
