Clark's Pocket Handbook for Radiographers

Section 1 Key Aspects of Radiographic Practice Anatomical Terminology Positioning Terminology Projection Terminology The Importance of Optimisation and Exposure Factors Evaluating Exposure In Digital Imaging Geometry of Image Production Patient Journey and examination timeline General Considerations for Digital Radiographic Examinations Patient identity and Consent Justification of the examination Radiation Protection Medical Exposure and Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) Standard Operating Procedure for patients of Reproductive Capacity Evaluating Images: 'The 10-point plan' Guidelines for the Assessment of Trauma Images Theatre Radiography Ward Radiography Bariatric Imaging Section 2 Radiographic Projections Abdomen – Antero-Posterior Supine Abdomen Antero-Posterior – Left Lateral Decubitus Acromioclavicular Joint Ankle – Antero-Posterior/ Mortise Joint Ankle – Lateral Calcaneum – Axial Cervical Spine – Antero- Posterior C3–C7 Cervical Spine – Antero- Posterior C1–C2 ‘Open Mouth’ Cervical Spine – Lateral Erect Cervical Spine – Lateral ‘Swimmers’ Cervical Spine – Lateral Supine Cervical Spine – Posterior Oblique Cervical Spine – Flexion and Extension Chest – Postero-anterior Chest – Antero-posterior (Erect) Chest – Lateral Chest – Supine (Anteroposterior) Chest – Mobile/ Portable (Antero-posterior) Chest - Mobile (Posterior-anterior - Prone) Clavicle – Postero-anterior Clavicle – Infero-superior Elbow – Antero-posterior Elbow AP – Antero-Posterior alternative Projections for Trauma Elbow – Lateral Facial Bones – Occipito-mental (OM) Facial Bones – Occipito-mental 30-degree Caudal (OM 30) Femur – Antero-posterior Femur – Lateral Fingers – Dorsi-palmar Fingers – Lateral Index and Middle Fingers Fingers – Lateral Ring and Little Fingers Foot – Dorsi-plantar Foot – Dorsi-plantar Oblique Foot – Lateral Erect Forearm – Antero-posterior Forearm – Lateral Hand – Dorsi-palmar Hand – Dorsi-palmar Oblique Hand – Lateral Hip: AP (Antero-posterior) – Single Hip Hip – Lateral Air-gap Technique (Trauma) Hip - Lateral Neck of Femur Hip – Posterior Oblique (Lauenstein’s) Hips (Both) – Lateral (‘Frog’s Legs’ Position) Humerus – Antero-posterior Humerus – Lateral Knee – Antero-posterior Knee – Lateral (Basic) Knee – Horizontal Beam Lateral (Trauma) Knee – Tunnel/Intercondylar Notch Knee – ‘Skyline’ Patellar (Supero-inferior) Lumbar Spine – Antero-posterior Lumbar Spine – Lateral Lumbar Spine – Oblique Lumbo-sacral Junction (L5–S1) – Lateral Mandible – Postero-anterior Mandible – Lateral Oblique 30-degree Cranial Orbits – Occipito-mental (Modified) Orthopantomography (OPG/DPT) Pelvis AP Antero-posterior Sacro-iliac Joints – Postero-anterior Sacrum – Antero-posterior Sacrum – Lateral Scaphoid Postero-anterior with Ulnar Deviation Scaphoid – Anterior Oblique with Ulnar Deviation Scaphoid – Posterior Oblique Scaphoid – Postero-anterior, Ulnar Deviation and 30-degree Cranial Shoulder Girdle – Anteroposterior (15-degree) Erect Shoulder Girdle – Anteroposterior (Glenohumeral Joint) – Modified (Grashey Projection) Shoulder – Supero-inferior (Axial) Shoulder – Anterior Oblique (‘Y’ Projection) Sinuses – Occipito-mental Skull – Occipito-frontal (OF) Skull – Occipito-frontal 30-degree Cranial (Reverse Towne’s) Skull – Lateral Erect Skull – Fronto-occipital (Supine/Trolley) Skull – Fronto-occipital 30-degree Caudal (Towne’s Projection) (Supine/Trolley) Skull – Lateral (Supine/Trolley) Skull ‘Head’ – CT Sternum – Lateral Thoracic Spine – Antero-posterior Thoracic Spine – Lateral Thumb – Antero-posterior Thumb – Lateral Tibia and Fibula – Anteroposterior Tibia and Fibula – Lateral Toe – Hallux – Lateral Toes – Dorsi-plantar Toes – Second to Fifth – Dorsi-plantar Oblique Wrist – Postero-anterior Wrist – Lateral Zygomatic Arches – Infero-superior Section 3 Useful Information for Radiographic Practice Non-Imaging Diagnostic Tests Medical Terminology Medical and Radiographic Abbreviations Index