Civil Engineer's Handbook of Professional Practice

Contributing Authors xxi Contributing Editors xxvii Preface xxxi Acknowledgments xxxiii List of Abbreviations xxxv About the Companion Website xlv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 2 1.2 The Need for Accreditation 3 1.3 American Society of Civil Engineers 4 1.4 21st Century Engineer 12 1.5 Goal of This Book 17 1.6 Readers’ Guide 17 1.7 Summary 19 Bibliography 20 Chapter 2 Background and History of the Profession 21 2.1 Background 22 2.2 Civil Engineering’s Historical Inheritance 22 2.3 The Ancient Engineers 23 2.4 Engineering in Medieval Times 44 2.5 Engineering in the Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment 46 2.6 The Industrial Revolution 48 2.7 Modern Civil Engineering 53 2.8 Summary 58 Bibliography 59 Chapter 3 Ethics 61 3.1 Introduction 62 3.2 Defining the Engineer’s Ethical Code 64 3.3 ASCE’s New Code of Ethics— Summary Part 1 of 2 66 3.4 ASCE’s New Code of Ethics—Summary Part 2 of 2 69 3.5 The American Society of Civil Engineers Code of Ethics 73 3.6 The American Council of Engineering Companies Ethical Conduct Guidelines 75 3.7 The International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) Code of Ethics 78 3.8 FIDIC Code of Ethics 78 3.9 Important and Relevant Policy Statements by ASCE and NSPE 80 3.10 Summary 89 Bibliography 91 Chapter 4 Professional Engagement 93 4.1 Introduction 94 4.2 Contracting with the Government 96 4.3 Fee-Based Selection 107 4.4 Writing Engineering Proposals 108 4.5 The Contract 114 4.6 Budgeting 120 4.7 Enhancing the Engineering Firm’s Probability for a Successful Professional Engagement 121 4.8 Working Example of a Request for Proposals (RFPs) 122 4.9 Typical Civil Engineering Proposal 123 4.10 Typical Engineering Feasibility Study 124 4.11 Summary 125 Bibliography 125 Chapter 5 The Engineer’s Role in Project Development 127 5.1 Background 128 5.2 Participants in the Process—The Players 129 5.3 The Flow of Work 134 5.4 Predesign 134 5.5 Design 142 5.6 Design During Bid and Construction 151 5.7 Post-construction Activity 153 5.8 Summary 157 Bibliography 157 Chapter 6 What Engineers Deliver 161 6.1 Background 162 6.2 Contract Documents 163 6.3 Drawings 166 6.4 Specifications 173 6.5 Drawings and Specifications — Final Thoughts 181 6.6 Technical Memos and Reports 182 6.7 Calculations 183 6.8 Other Deliverables 185 6.9 Summary 186 Bibliography 186 Chapter 7 Executing a Professional Commission—Project Management 187 7.1 Introduction 188 7.2 The Basics of Project Management 197 7.3 The Major Parties on a Project 199 7.4 Project Sectors 200 7.5 Project Teams 202 7.6 Project Initiation 203 7.7 Project Estimates 204 7.8 Project Management Plan Components 210 7.9 Staff Selection Guidelines for the PM 212 7.10 The Project Manager’s Responsibilities 215 7.11 Project Risk Management 221 7.12 Design Coordination 222 7.13 Summary 228 Bibliography 229 Chapter 8 Permitting 231 8.1 Introduction 232 8.2 Accept the Requirements for Permits 234 8.3 Respect the Staff Implementing the Permits 234 8.4 Initiate the Permitting Processing Early 235 8.5 Identifying Permits with the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 238 8.6 Managing Permits 241 8.7 Streamlining Permits 244 8.8 Sample Permit Table 244 8.9 Sample United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Section 408 Permit 249 8.10 Summary 253 Bibliography 254 Chapter 9 The Client Relationship and Business Development 255 9.1 Introduction 256 9.2 The Foundation of a Lasting Relationship 258 9.3 Building upon the Relationship—the Superstructure 260 9.4 Maintaining the Relationship 261 9.5 Cultivating Business Opportunities 264 9.6 Business Development 265 9.7 Conflict Management 267 9.8 Summary 270 Bibliography 270 Chapter 10 Leadership 271 10.1 Introduction 273 10.2 Background 273 10.3 Leadership Styles 279 10.4 Tools for Leadership and Management 286 10.5 Four Key Skill Sets Possessed by Effective Civil Engineering Leaders 289 10.6 Secret Recipe for an Effective Leader 298 10.7 Summary 299 Bibliography 299 Chapter 11 Legal Aspects of Professional Practice 301 11.1 Introduction 302 11.2 US Legal System 303 11.3 Statutory Law 304 11.4 Common Law 304 11.5 Contract Law 309 11.6 Procurement Method 326 11.7 Risk Management 330 11.8 Insurance and Bonds 341 11.9 Dispute Resolution 346 11.10 Alternative Dispute Resolution 353 11.11 Affirmative Action, Equal Opportunity, and Diversity 356 11.12 Summary 358 Bibliography 358 Chapter 12 Managing the Civil Engineering Enterprise 361 12.1 Introduction 362 12.2 The Influence of Economics on Project Development 363 12.3 Financial Reporting 370 12.4 Professional Human Resources Management 374 12.5 Career Planning and Execution 375 12.6 Specialization 376 12.7 Certification and Registration 377 12.8 Professional Services Marketing 378 12.9 Professional Business Development 382 12.10 Professional and Trade Organization Activities 384 12.11 Summary 385 Bibliography 385 Chapter 13 Communicating as a Professional Engineer 387 13.1 Introduction 388 13.2 Communication Conduits 391 13.3 Body Language—How to Read Unspoken Signals 394 13.4 Conflict Resolution 399 13.5 Behavioral Characteristics of Team Members, Friends, or Family 401 13.6 Typical Report Format 402 13.7 Useful Forms for the Engineer 405 13.8 Useful Letters (or E-Mails) for the Engineer 405 13.9 Sample PowerPoint Presentation 411 13.10 Summary 411 Bibliography 411 Chapter 14 Balancing Life, Family, and Career 413 14.1 Introduction 414 14.2 A Concept from Physics and Thermodynamics Called Negentropy and Posentropy 415 14.3 The Key Components to Your Being 418 14.4 The Mind 418 14.5 The Body 421 14.6 The Spirit 422 14.7 The Effective Combination of Mind, Body, and Spirit 423 14.8 Laugh and Have Fun 423 14.9 Self‐Assessment—Please Challenge Yourself 426 14.10 Analysis of the Assessment 427 14.11 Summary 432 Bibliography 434 Chapter 15 Globalization 435 15.1 Introduction 436 15.2 The Globalization Process 437 15.3 Global Climate Change—A World View and a State Perspective 439 15.4 Outcomes of Globalization and Climate Change 457 15.5 Learning to Project Manage a Mega-Project—The Case of BAA and Heathrow Terminal 5 460 15.6 Civil Engineering Practice—A Wider Community Viewpoint 470 15.7 Summary 479 Bibliography 481 Chapter 16 Sustainability 485 16.1 Introduction 486 16.2 Sustainability Defined 489 16.3 Sustainable Engineering 490 16.4 Systems Thinking 492 16.5 Ecodesign 493 16.6 Toward New Values and Processes 495 16.7 Expanded Project Delivery Process 499 16.8 Integrative Approaches 499 16.9 Sustainable Design and Materials Strategies 501 16.10 Lifecycle Cost Analysis 505 16.11 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design 511 16.12 Future Directions 517 16.13 Four Ways Civil Engineers Can Become More Sustainable 519 16.14 Summary 525 References 526 Chapter 17 Emerging Technologies 529 17.1 Introduction 530 17.2 Current Emerging and Innovative Technologies 531 17.3 The Nature of Change 538 17.4 Information Technology—Enabled Process Change 540 17.5 Building Information Modeling 543 17.6 Integrated Project Delivery 548 17.7 FIATECH Roadmap—An Organizing Principle 553 17.8 Engineering Thinking 558 17.9 Summary 567 References 567 Chapter 18 Human Relations Policies and Employment Practices 569 18.1 Introduction 570 18.2 Rules of Engagement 572 18.3 Compliance with Employment Laws and Typical Human Resources Policies 573 18.4 Forecasting 582 18.5 Hiring 584 18.6 Training 587 18.7 Compensation and Benefits Plans 592 18.8 Health and Safety 594 18.9 Employee Retention 595 18.10 Summary 596 Bibliography 596 Chapter 19 Construction Management for Engineers 597 19.1 Introduction 598 19.2 Project Planning 600 19.3 Parties to a Project 605 19.4 Work Breakdown Structure 610 19.5 Project Scheduling 617 19.6 Project Estimating 626 19.7 Project Close-Out 636 19.8 Summary 641 Bibliography 641 Chapter 20 Health and Safety Knowledge for Civil Engineers 643 20.1 Introduction 644 20.2 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and its Importance to Civil Engineers 646 20.3 Health and Safety Programs and Project Plans 655 20.4 Civil Engineer’s Health and Safety Toolbox 659 20.5 OSHA Quick Reference Card for Top 4 Construction Site Hazards and Construction Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 675 20.6 Organization/Company/Employee Responsibilities and Employee Rights 675 20.7 Summary 677 Bibliography 678 Chapter 21 What Civil Engineers Need to Know 679 21.1 Background 680 21.2 Civil Engineering as a Profession 680 21.3 Civil Engineering Education 682 21.4 Civil Engineering Careers 684 21.5 What Successful Civil Engineers Need to Know 686 21.6 Summary 701 Bibliography 702 Appendix A Example Request for Proposal (RFP) 703 Appendix B Example Proposal 713 Appendix C Example Feasibility Study Report 729 Appendix D Example Short Technical Report: The Benefits of Green Roofs 777 Appendix E Example Specification: Cast-in-Place Concrete 785 Appendix F EJCDC® Model Contract – Agreement Between Owner and Engineer for Study and Report Professional Services 795 Appendix G Design and Construction Documents Mosquito Bridge Project 821 Index 839