Chest X-Rays for Medical Students

Preface to the 2nd Edition ix Acknowledgements xi Learning objectives checklist xiii About the companion website xv Part I Introduction to X-rays 1 1 Introduction to X-rays 3 What are X-rays? 3 How are X-rays produced? 3 How do X-rays make an image? 4 The five densities on an X-ray 4 How are X-ray images (radiographs) stored? 4 Hazards and precautions 5 2 Chest X-ray views 7 PA erect chest X-ray 7 Other views 8 3 Radiograph quality 9 Inclusion 9 Rotation 10 Inspiration 11 4 Normal anatomy on a PA chest X-ray 13 Right and left 13 Lung zones 14 The mediastinum 14 Normal pulmonary vasculature 15 General anatomy 16 Bronchial and lobar anatomy: Figure 4.8 17 5 Presenting a chest radiograph 19 Example of presenting a normal chest X-ray 19 Part II The ABCDE of chest X-rays 21 6 A - Airway 23 How to review the airway 23 What to look for 24 Tracheal deviation 24 Carinal angle 25 7 B – Breathing 27 How to review the lungs 27 What to look for 28 Consolidation/airspace opacification 29 Air bronchogram 31 Collapse (atelectasis) overview 32 Pneumonectomy 41 Solitary mass lesion 44 Multiple mass lesions 47 Cavitating lung lesion 48 Fibrosis 50 Pneumothorax 53 Tension pneumothorax 55 Hydropneumothorax 56 Pleural effusion 57 Pulmonary oedema 60 Septal lines 64 Asbestos-related lung disease 65 8 C – Circulation 69 How to review the heart and mediastinum 69 What to look for 69 Dextrocardia 69 Cardiomegaly (enlarged heart) 70 Left atrial enlargement 71 Widened mediastinum 72 Hilar enlargement 76 Hiatus hernia 78 9 D – Disability 79 How to review the bones 79 What to look for 80 Fractures 80 Sclerotic and lucent bone lesions 81 10 E – Everything else (review areas) 83 How to look at the review areas 83 What to look for 83 Gas under the diaphragm (pneumoperitoneum) 84 Subcutaneous emphysema/surgical emphysema 86 Mastectomy 87 Medical and surgical objects (iatrogenic) 88 Foreign bodies 99 Part III Common conditions and their radiological signs 101 11 Common conditions and their radiological signs 103 Pulmonary embolism (PE) 103 Primary lung malignancy 103 Pneumonia 104 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 104 Heart failure 105 Tuberculosis 106 Glossary 111 Index 119