Chris Hall is a retired librarian and Trade Unionist. He has researched and written on military history, specialising in the Spanish Civil War. He studied at Newcastle, Northumbria and Manchester Metropolitan Universities. His previous published works include an account of George Orwell’s fellow British and Irish volunteers, some of whom are mentioned briefly in Homage to Catalonia. His last published work for Pen & Sword was a biography of Madge Addy, a nurse in the Spanish Civil War and special agent in wartime France. He is a member of the International Brigade Memorial Trust and the Orwell Society.