Blombäck's Essential Guide to Blood Coagulation

Contributors, xi Preface, xiii Abbreviations, xv PART 1: GENERAL HEMOSTASIS 1 Overview of normal hemostasis, 3 Jovan P. Antovic, Maria Farm, and Charlotte Gran 2 Sampling instructions and preanalytical issues in hemostasis, 6 Maria Farm and Charlotte Gran Points to note prior to blood sampling, 6 Sampling time and patient preparation, 6 Referrals for coagulation analyses, 7 Sampling, 7 Sample handling, 8 3 Laboratory investigation, 9 Jovan P. Antovic, Maria Farm, Charlotte Gran, Bianca Tesi, and Agneta Wikman Nomenclature, 9 Screening analyses, 9 Special analyses, 16 Platelet assays, 24 Genetic testing, 26 Global hemostatic assays, 28 Useful assays in research studies, 31 PART 2: BLEEDING DISORDERS 4 Clinical and laboratory investigation of increased bleeding tendency, 37 Charlotte Gran and Maria Magnusson Introduction, 37 Clinical investigation, 37 Laboratory investigations, 39 HEREDITARY BLEEDING DISORDERS 5 Hemophilia, 45 Margareta Holmström and Susanna Ranta Introduction, 45 Bleeding symptoms in hemophilia, 45 Treatment, 45 Clinical follow-up of patients with bleeding disorders, 51 6 Von Willebrand disease, 52 Tony Frisk and Margareta Holmström Introduction, 52 Classification, 52 Diagnosis, 52 Management, 53 7 Rare bleeding disorders including inherited platelet function defects, 58 Cecilia Karlström and Maria Magnusson Inherited platelet function defects, 58 Very rare coagulation factor deficiencies, 60 Vascular bleeding disorders, 63 Bleeding disorder of unknown cause (BDUC), 64 8 Specific issues of hemostasis in children – focus on bleeding, 65 Maria Farm and Susanna Ranta Developmental hemostasis, 65 Bleeding in children, 65 Coagulation factor deficiencies, 68 Platelet function defects and thrombocytopenia, 69 9 Hereditary bleeding disorders and aging, 71 Jovan P. Antovic, Roza Chaireti, and Joel Ohm Cardiovascular disease (CVD), 71 Atrial fibrillation, 71 Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), 72 Cancer, 73 Chronic kidney disease, 73 10 Paradigm change – new treatment for hereditary bleeding disorders, 75 Maria Magnusson and Susanna Ranta Coagulation factor concentrates, 75 Nonfactor replacement therapy, 75 Gene therapy, 76 ACQUIRED BLEEDING DISORDERS 11 Acquired inhibitors of coagulation factors, 81 Roza Chaireti, Margareta Holmström, and Cecilia Karlström Acquired hemophilia, 81 Acquired von Willebrand disease, 84 CRITICAL BLEEDINGS 12 Critical bleeding in trauma and surgery, 89 Andreas Andersson, Carl Magnus Wahlgren, and Agneta Wikman Background, 89 Pathophysiology, resuscitation, and surgical management of traumatic bleeding, 89 Management of acute bleeding in surgery, 91 Treatment protocols, 91 Pediatric considerations, 92 13 Gastrointestinal bleeding, 93 Maria Magnusson and Per Stål Background, 93 Diagnosis, 93 Acute management, 94 Diagnostic-therapeutic procedures, 94 Secondary prophylaxis after GI bleeding, 95 Considerations regarding hemostasis in GI bleeding, 95 14 Intracranial bleeding, 96 Michael V. Mazya and Michael Nekludov Intracerebral hemorrhage, 96 Subarachnoid hemorrhage, 98 Traumatic brain injury, 99 15 Obstetric massive bleeding, 101 Maria Sennström Background, 101 Management, 101 Specific treatments, 101 Follow-up, 102 16 Bleedings associated with anticoagulant and antiplatelet treatment (including reversal of antithrombotic treatment), 103 Margareta Holmström and Joel Ohm Background, 103 Management, 103 PART 3: THROMBOEMBOLIC DISORDERS VENOUS THROMBOSIS 17 Venous thromboembolism, 111 Joel Ohm Background, 111 Risk factor review, 111 Diagnosis, 115 Management, 117 Follow-up and secondary prevention, 119 Further investigations to consider, 119 Rare underlying causes, 120 Continued follow-up, 121 17.1 Cerebral venous thrombosis, 122 Michael V. Mazya and Joel Ohm Background, 122 Causes and risk factors, 122 Diagnosis, 122 Management, 123 17.2 Splanchnic vein thrombosis, 125 Maria Magnusson and Per Stål Background, 125 Diagnosis, 125 Management, 126 18 Specific issues of hemostasis in children – focus on thrombosis, 128 Tony Frisk Background, 128 Symptoms and signs, 129 Diagnosis, 129 Management, 129 Treatment, 129 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), 132 Percutaneous catheter-directed therapies, 132 Systemic thrombolysis, 132 Catheter-related thrombosis, 133 Cerebral sinus venous thrombosis, 133 Arterial thrombosis, 133 Arterial ischemic stroke (AIS), 134 19 Thrombotic issues with artificial surfaces, 135 Lars Mikael Broman and Moa Simonsson Prosthetic heart valves, 135 ECMO, 137 20 Treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism, 142 Margareta Holmström and Joel Ohm Acute phase therapies, 142 Pharmacological maintenance treatment, 146 Nonpharmacological maintenance treatment, 150 Primary prevention, 151 21 Prevention of cardioembolism in atrial fibrillation, 153 Michael V. Mazya and Moa Simonsson Background, 153 Assessment of cardioembolic risk, 153 Assessment of bleeding risk, 153 Clinical implications of risk assessment, 154 Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, 154 Combination therapy (oral anticoagulant + antiplatelet therapy), 155 Cardioversion, 155 Left atrial appendix closure, 155 Timing of OAC initiation after ischemic stroke and TIA, 156 Resuming oral anticoagulation after intracerebral hemorrhage, 156 22 Laboratory investigation of anticoagulant treatment, 157 Jovan P. Antovic and Maria Farm Warfarin (PT [INR]), 157 Direct oral anticoagulants (anti-factor IIa and anti-factor Xa), 157 Low molecular weight heparin (anti-factor Xa), 158 Unfractionated heparin (APTT, anti-factor Xa), 158 Argatroban (anti-factor IIa/direct thrombin inhibition, dTT), 159 ARTERIAL THROMBOSIS 23 Ischemic heart disease, 163 Moa Simonsson Background, 163 Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), 163 Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), 166 24 Ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA), 168 Michael V. Mazya Background, 168 Causes and risk factors, 168 Diagnosis, 168 Management, 168 25 Peripheral artery disease, 173 Carl Magnus Wahlgren Background, 173 Antithrombotic therapy for cardiovascular prevention in PAD, 173 Perioperative antithrombotic therapy in PAD, 174 Antithrombotic therapy after endovascular intervention for lower extremity artery disease, 174 Antithrombotic therapy after bypass surgery for lower extremity artery disease, 174 26 Antiplatelet treatment, 176 Michael V. Mazya and Moa Simonsson Background, 176 Cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor, 176 Oral P2Y12 inhibitors, 176 Intravenous P2Y12 inhibitor, 177 Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blocker, 177 27 Laboratory investigation of antiplatelet treatment, 178 Charlotte Gran and Moa Simonsson Background, 178 VerifyNow, 178 Multiplate, 179 Overall limitations of platelet function tests, 180 PART 4: SPECIAL HEMOSTASIS 28 Hemostasis in rheumatological and systemic disease, 183 Aleksandra Antovic and Francesca Faustini Introduction, 183 Spondylarthritis and psoriatic arthritis, 184 Systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases, 184 Management, 185 Antiphospholipid syndrome, 186 29 Hemostasis in COVID-19, 189 Maria Magnusson and Anna Sjöström Background, 189 Diagnosis, 190 Management, 190 Pediatric aspects including MIS-C, 191 30 Hemostasis in liver disease, 192 Maria Magnusson and Per Stål Background, 192 Laboratory tests, 192 Management in special situations, 193 31 Hemostasis in kidney disease, 195 Peter Bárány and Maria Magnusson Background, 195 Bleeding in kidney disease, 195 Thrombosis in kidney disease, 197 32 Hemostasis in obstetrics and gynecology, 199 Roza Chaireti and Maria Sennström Heavy menstrual bleeding, 199 Bleeding disorders in obstetrics, inherited and aquired, 200 Contraception, hormonal replacement therapy, and risk of thrombosis, 204 Thromboprophylaxis in obstetrics, including risk assessment, 206 Thromboembolism in obstetrics including acute management, 214 33 Hemostasis in cancer, 219 Roza Chaireti, Tony Frisk, Charlotte Gran, and Susanna Ranta Cancer-associated thrombosis, 219 Hemostasis in children’s malignancy, 221 34 Emergency conditions associated with hemostatic abnormalities, 224 Jovan P. Antovic, Margareta Holmström, and Cecilia Karlström Disseminated intravascular coagulation, 224 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, 226 Thrombotic microangiopathies, 228 Index, 230