Biophysical Foundations of Human Movement

Part I: Introduction to Human Movement Studies Chapter 1. Human Movement Studies as a Discipline and a Profession What is Human Movement Studies and Why is it Important? Disciplines and Professions Is Human Movement Studies a Discipline? Structure of a Discipline of Human Movement Studies What Should the Discipline of Human Movement Studies Be Called? Professions Based on Human Movement Studies Professional Organisations Relationships Between the Discipline and the Professions Summary Further Reading and References Chapter 2. Historical Origins of the Academic Study of Human Movement Scholarly Writings on Human Movement From Ancient Civilisations (ca. 1000 BC-350 AD) The Middle Ages as a Period of Suppression of the Study of Human Movement (ca. 350-1350 AD) Scholarly Works on Human Movement From the Renaissance and Reformation Periods (ca. 1350-1650 AD) Scholarly Works on Human Movement During the Period 1650-1885 Professionalization of Physical Education During the Period 1885-1929 Organisation of Research Efforts in Physical Education During the Period 1930-1959 Beginnings of a Discipline of Human Movement Studies During the Period 1960-1970 Emergence of Subdisciplines and Specialisations, 1970-Present Future Directions, Challenges, and Opportunities Summary Further Reading Part II: Anatomical Bases of Human Movement: Functional Anatomy Chapter 3. Basic Concepts of the Musculoskeletal System Tools for Measurement Skeletal System Articular System Muscular System Summary Further Reading Chapter 4. Basic Concepts of Anthropometry Definition of Anthropometry Tools for Measurement Body Size Determination of Body Shape Tissues Composing the Body Somatotyping as a Description of Body Build Human Variation Summary Further Reading and References Chapter 5. Musculoskeletal Changes Across the Life Span Definitions of Auxology and Gerontology Tools for Measurement Physical Growth, Maturation, and Ageing Age-Related Changes in the Skeletal and Articular Systems Age-Related Changes in the Muscular System Changes in Body Dimensions Across the Life Span Methods of Determining Age Summary Further Reading Chapter 6. Musculoskeletal Adaptations to Training Effects of Physical Activity on Bone Effects of Physical Activity on Joint Structure and Ranges of Motion Effects of Physical Activity on Muscle–Tendon Units Effects of Physical Activity on Body Size, Shape, and Composition Summary Further Reading and References Part III: Mechanical Bases of Human Movement: Biomechanics Chapter 7. Basic Concepts of Kinematics and Kinetics Vectors Motion Generalized Coordinates and Degrees of Freedom Force Moment of Force Force Analyses Equations of Motion Computer Modeling of Movement Summary Further Reading Chapter 8. Basic Concepts of Energetics Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Total Mechanical Energy Power Elastic Strain Energy Metabolic Energy Consumption Efficiency of Movement Summary Further Reading Chapter 9. Biomechanics Across the Life Span Biomechanics of Normal Gait Changes in Muscle Strength with Age Gait Development in Children Gait Changes in Older Adults Summary Further Reading Chapter 10. Biomechanical Adaptations to Training Muscular Adaptations to Training Neuromuscular Adaptations to Training Training to Prevent Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Biomechanical Adaptations to Injury Dependence of Motor Performance on Changes in Muscle Properties Using Computer Modelling to Study Vertical Jumping Performance Insights Into the Effects of Training Provided by Computer Models Summary Further Reading Part IV: Physiological Bases of Human Movement: Exercise Physiology Chapter 11. Basic Concepts of Exercise Metabolism Production of Energy for Exercise Oxygen Supply During Sustained Exercise VO2max as an Indicator of Endurance-Exercise Capacity Measurement of Exercise Capacity Human Skeletal Muscle Cells Summary Further Reading Chapter 12. Basic Concepts of Nutrition and Exercise Energy Requirements of Exercise Nutrients for Exercise Fluid Requirements During Exercise Summary Further Reading Chapter 13. Physiological Capacity Across the Life Span Responses to Exercise in Children Exercise in Older Adult Life Summary Further Reading and References Chapter 14. Physiological Adaptations to Training Training-Induced Metabolic Adaptations Immediate and Anaerobic-System Changes After High-Intensity Sprint and Strength Training Changes in Aerobic Metabolism After Endurance Training Endurance Training-Induced Changes in the Cardiorespiratory System Endurance Training-Induced Respiratory Changes Endurance Training-Induced Changes in Lactate Threshold Changes in the Muscular System After Strength Training Basic Principles of Training Continuous and Interval Training Training for Cardiovascular Endurance Methods of Strength Training Causes of Muscle Soreness Summary Further Reading Part V: Neural Bases of Human Movement: Motor Control Chapter 15. Basic Concepts of Motor Control: Neuroscience Perspectives Nervous System as an Elaborate Communications Network Components of the Nervous System Neurons and Synapses as the Building Blocks of the Nervous System Sensory Receptor Systems for Movement Effector Systems for Movement Motor Control Functions of the Spinal Cord Motor Control Functions of the Brain Integrative Brain Mechanisms for Movement Summary Further Reading Chapter 16. Basic Concepts of Motor Control: Cognitive Science Perspectives Using Models to Study Motor Control Key Properties to be Explained by Models of Motor Control Information-Processing Models of Motor Control Some Alternative Models of Motor Control Summary Further Reading Chapter 17. Motor Control Changes Throughout the Life Span Changes in Observable Motor Performance Changes at the Neurophysiological Level Changes in Information-Processing Capabilities Summary Further Reading Chapter 18. Motor Control Adaptations to Training Changes in Observable Motor Performance Changes at the Neurophysiological Level Changes in Information-Processing Capabilities Factors Affecting the Learning of Motor Skills Summary Further Reading Part VI: Psychological Bases of Human Movement: Sport and Exercise Psychology Chapter 19. Basic Concepts in Sport Psychology Personality Motivation in Sport Self-Determination Theory Arousal, Anxiety, and Sport Performance The Practice of Applied Sport Psychology Imagery: An Example of Psychological Skill Summary Further Reading Chapter 20. Basic Concepts in Exercise Psychology Effects of Psychological Factors on Exercise Effects of Exercise on Psychological Factors Summary Further Reading Chapter 21. Physical Activity and Psychological Factors Across the Life Span Changes in Personality Psychosocial Development Through Sport Participation Exercise in the Aged Termination of Athletic Careers Summary Further Reading Chapter 22. Psychological Adaptations to Training Aerobic Fitness and the Response to Psychological Stress Changes in Personality Changes in Motivation: Staleness, Overtraining, and Burnout Changes in Mental Skills Summary Further Reading Part VII: Multi- and Cross-Disciplinary Applications to Human Movement Science Chapter 23. Applications to Health in Chronic-Disease Prevention and Management Major Causes of Disease and Death Globally Cost of Physical Inactivity Measuring Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Levels of Physical Activity in Adults and Children Recommendations for Physical Activity Summary Further Reading Chapter 24. Applications to Health in Injury Prevention and Management Preventing Manual-Lifting Injuries in the Workplace Preventing and Managing Overuse Injuries in Sport Preventing Injuries Related to Osteoporosis Summary Further Reading Chapter 25. Applications to Performance Enhancement in Sport and the Workplace Talent Identification Performance Optimization Summary Further Reading and References