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Bioequivalence and Statistics in Clinical Pharmacology

Scott D. Patterson Byron Jones

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English
Chapman & Hall/CRC
31 March 2021
Maintaining a practical perspective, Bioequivalence and Statistics in Clinical Pharmacology, Second Edition explores statistics used in day-to-day clinical pharmacology work. The book is a starting point for those involved in such research and covers the methods needed to design, analyze, and interpret bioequivalence trials; explores when, how, and why these studies are performed as part of drug development; and demonstrates the methods using real world examples.

Drawing on knowledge gained directly from working in the pharmaceutical industry, the authors set the stage by describing the general role of statistics. Once the foundation of clinical pharmacology drug development, regulatory applications, and the design and analysis of bioequivalence trials are established, including recent regulatory changes in design and analysis and in particular sample-size adaptation, they move on to related topics in clinical pharmacology involving the use of cross-over designs. These include, but are not limited to, safety studies in Phase I, dose-response trials, drug interaction trials, food-effect and combination trials, QTc and other pharmacodynamic equivalence trials, proof-of-concept trials, dose-proportionality trials, and vaccines trials.

This second edition addresses several recent developments in the field, including new chapters on adaptive bioequivalence studies, scaled average bioequivalence testing, and vaccine trials.

Purposefully designed to be instantly applicable, Bioequivalence and Statistics in Clinical Pharmacology, Second Edition provides examples of SAS and R code so that the analyses described can be immediately implemented. The authors have made extensive use of the proc mixed procedures available in SAS.

By:   ,
Imprint:   Chapman & Hall/CRC
Country of Publication:   United Kingdom
Edition:   2nd edition
Dimensions:   Height: 254mm,  Width: 178mm, 
Weight:   453g
ISBN:   9780367782443
ISBN 10:   0367782448
Series:   Chapman & Hall/CRC Biostatistics Series
Pages:   434
Publication Date:  
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Undergraduate
Format:   Paperback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Bioequivalence & Biopharmaceutical Development Drug Development and Clinical Pharmacology Aims of This Book Biopharmaceutical Development Clinical Pharmacology Statistics in Clinical Pharmacology Structure of the Book History and Regulation of Bioequivalence When and How BE Studies Are Performed Why Are BE Studies Performed? Deciding When Formulations Are Bioequivalent Potential Issues with TOST Bioequivalent Current International Regulation Some Practical Notes Testing for Average Bioequivalence Background Linear Model for 2 x 2 Data Applying the TOST Procedure Carry-over, Sequence, and Interaction Effects Checking Assumptions Made about the Linear Model Power and Sample Size for ABE in the 2 x 2 Design Example Where Test and Reference Are Not ABE Nonparametric Analysis BE Studies with More Than Two Periods Background Three-period Designs Within-subject Variability Robust Analyses for Three Period Designs Four-period Designs Designes with More Than Two Treatments Adjusting for Multiple Testing Nonparametric Analyses of Tmax Technical appendix: Efficiency Tables of Data Special Topics in Bioequivalence Dealing with Special BE Challenges Restricted Maximum Likelihood Modelling Failing BE and the DER Assessment Simulation Data-based Simulation Carry-over Optimal Designs Determining Trial Size What Outliers Are and How to Handle Their Data Bayesian BE Assessment Adaptive Bioequivalence Trials Background Two-stage design for testing for ABE TOST using the standard combination test Example of using the standard combination test The maximum combination test Example of using the maximum combination test Conditional errors and conditional power Algorithm for sample size re-estimation Operating characteristics Conclusions Techniccal Appendix: R code Scaled Average Bioequivalence Testing Background Scaled Average Bioequivalence in Europe Scaled Average Bioequivalence in USA Discussion and Cautions Clinical Pharmacology Clinical Pharmacology Safety Studies Background First-time-in-humans Sub-chronic Dosing Studies Food-Effect Assessment and DDIs Dose-Proportionality Technical Appendix QTc Background Modelling of QTc Data Interpreting the QTc Modelling Findings Design of a Thorough QTc Study in the Future Clinical Pharmacology Efficacy Studies Background Sub-chronic Dosing Phase IIa and the Proof of Concept Population Pharmacokinetics Population and Pharmacokinetics Absolute and Relative Bioavailabili

Scott D. Patterson, Byron Jones

Reviews for Bioequivalence and Statistics in Clinical Pharmacology

"""The two authors are well-respected statisticians with numerous publications in BE and broad pharmaceutical industry experience. … The book is written in plain language and statistics is presented with minimum mathematical proof, which makes it a great introduction and reference for statisticians and clinical pharmacologists. With case studies and associated SAS and R codes included in the book and website, both statisticians and clinical pharmacologists will find this book helpful in understanding the context to use a method and implementing the ready-to-use codes. Particularly, each chapter begins with an interesting real-life story of the authors working as statisticians in the pharmaceutical industry, which makes the reading delightful. …In summary, Bioequivalence and Statistics in Clinical Pharmacology, Second Edition, provides an update on regulatory recommendations, statistical methods, and applications in clinical pharmacology and BE studies to support drug product development. With its inclusion of SAS and R codes, this book will be a valuable reference for pharmaceutical scientists, statisticians, and regulators working in these areas."" —Wangjie Sun and Wenlei Jiang, US Food and Drug Administration, in Journal of the American Statistical Association, January 2018 ""This book is a second edition of the authors’ take on the concepts and methods in the analysis and design of bioequivalence studies, supported by references to regulation authorities’ guidelines ... The authors are working in the pharmaceutical industry and therefore bring a view from the inside compared to the other reference work in the field by academics … Throughout the book, different examples with data and codes are provided both showing and not showing bioequivalence to facilitate the learning process. … To conclude, this book covers efficiently the statistical methods of bioequivalence testing and their many applications in clinical pharmacology. Furthermore, the dense reference list provides a helpful guide for the reader to go in deeper details on topics of interest."" —Julie Bertrand, Faculté de Médecine Bichat, IAME, in Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, May 2017 ""The first edition of Bioequivalence and Statistics in Clinical Pharmacology was a classic text book for researchers and statisticians in the field of clinical pharmacology and pharmaceutical industry. This new second edition is a timely update with the inclusion of new areas such as adaptive bioequivalence trials, scaled average bioequivalence testing, and vaccine trials. This is one of few books in the literature with the focus on statistical issues in clinical pharmacology and bioequivalence. The topics it covers are critical for understanding the pharmacology of an investigational drug, and are becoming increasingly important in the era of precision medicine. The book is just as well structured as the first edition, in an accessible, thorough, and clear manner. Case studies and associated SAS code included in the book are extremely helpful. In summary, the book is a most welcome addition to the collection of pharmaceutic statisticians and researchers in clinical pharmacology."" —Liang Fang, Director of Biostatistics, Gilead Sciences Inc. ""Bioequivalence and Statistics in Clinical Pharmacology, Second Edition, provides readers with a statistical background of bioequivalence and presents several special topics in clinical pharmacology. This second edition contains updated and extended discussions of these topics and includes new chapters on adaptive bioequivalence studies, scaled average bioequivalence, and vaccine trials. The book’s presentation is comprehensive and clear, and is complimented by numerous illustrations, examples, and computer programs with data analyses. Scientists and practitioners working in industry, regulatory authorities, and academia will find this book useful, interesting, and enjoyable due to the delightful and instructive stories featured in the introductions of each chapter, the various important and relevant topics covered by these chapters, and the informative and practical technical appendices."" —Laszlo Endrenyi, Professor Emeritus, University of Toronto Praise for the First Edition: ""… the book provides a good introduction to common uses of statistics in early phases of the drug development process by using a good mix of technical detail, intuitive understanding and factual knowledge. … personal accounts together with the numerous real data examples which are accompanied by SAS code for analysis and the opportunity to download the data to gain first-hand experience are the best features of the book. … the authors did a fine job in providing an introduction to statistics in the early stages of the drug development process. The availability of real example data allows the reader to engage himself easily in the topic and the long experience of the authors ensures that many different aspects of pharmacological studies are discussed."" —Thomas Jaki, Lancaster University, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 2010 ""I really enjoyed reading this book. Each chapter includes an excellent introduction based on Scott Patterson's experience working as a biometrician. This will especially be of interest to young statisticians starting their career in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, I strongly recommend this book to all pharmaceutical statisticians to learn more of the challenging statistical problems being generated in drug development. In addition, the presented material provides a springboard for all scientists from academia who are looking to do research in this area of medical applications."" —Dieter Haushcke, Biometrics, September, 2006 ""The authors formulate bioequivalence exhaustively and clearly. … Given the background of the authors, they constitute a key piece of social information in understanding the context in which clinical pharmacology research develops within the pharmaceutical industry."" —Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics ""The two authors are well-respected statisticians with numerous publications in BE and broad pharmaceutical industry experience. … The book is written in plain language and statistics is presented with minimum mathematical proof, which makes it a great introduction and reference for statisticians and clinical pharmacologists. With case studies and associated SAS and R codes included in the book and website, both statisticians and clinical pharmacologists will find this book helpful in understanding the context to use a method and implementing the ready-to-use codes. Particularly, each chapter begins with an interesting real-life story of the authors working as statisticians in the pharmaceutical industry, which makes the reading delightful. …In summary, Bioequivalence and Statistics in Clinical Pharmacology, Second Edition, provides an update on regulatory recommendations, statistical methods, and applications in clinical pharmacology and BE studies to support drug product development. With its inclusion of SAS and R codes, this book will be a valuable reference for pharmaceutical scientists, statisticians, and regulators working in these areas."" —Wangjie Sun and Wenlei Jiang, US Food and Drug Administration, in Journal of the American Statistical Association, January 2018 ""This book is a second edition of the authors’ take on the concepts and methods in the analysis and design of bioequivalence studies, supported by references to regulation authorities’ guidelines ... The authors are working in the pharmaceutical industry and therefore bring a view from the inside compared to the other reference work in the field by academics … Throughout the book, different examples with data and codes are provided both showing and not showing bioequivalence to facilitate the learning process. … To conclude, this book covers efficiently the statistical methods of bioequivalence testing and their many applications in clinical pharmacology. Furthermore, the dense reference list provides a helpful guide for the reader to go in deeper details on topics of interest."" —Julie Bertrand, Faculté de Médecine Bichat, IAME, in Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, May 2017 ""The first edition of Bioequivalence and Statistics in Clinical Pharmacology was a classic text book for researchers and statisticians in the field of clinical pharmacology and pharmaceutical industry. This new second edition is a timely update with the inclusion of new areas such as adaptive bioequivalence trials, scaled average bioequivalence testing, and vaccine trials. This is one of few books in the literature with the focus on statistical issues in clinical pharmacology and bioequivalence. The topics it covers are critical for understanding the pharmacology of an investigational drug, and are becoming increasingly important in the era of precision medicine. The book is just as well structured as the first edition, in an accessible, thorough, and clear manner. Case studies and associated SAS code included in the book are extremely helpful. In summary, the book is a most welcome addition to the collection of pharmaceutic statisticians and researchers in clinical pharmacology."" —Liang Fang, Director of Biostatistics, Gilead Sciences Inc. ""Bioequivalence and Statistics in Clinical Pharmacology, Second Edition, provides readers with a statistical background of bioequivalence and presents several special topics in clinical pharmacology. This second edition contains updated and extended discussions of these topics and includes new chapters on adaptive bioequivalence studies, scaled average bioequivalence, and vaccine trials. The book’s presentation is comprehensive and clear, and is complimented by numerous illustrations, examples, and computer programs with data analyses. Scientists and practitioners working in industry, regulatory authorities, and academia will find this book useful, interesting, and enjoyable due to the delightful and instructive stories featured in the introductions of each chapter, the various important and relevant topics covered by these chapters, and the informative and practical technical appendices."" —Laszlo Endrenyi, Professor Emeritus, University of Toronto Praise for the First Edition: ""… the book provides a good introduction to common uses of statistics in early phases of the drug development process by using a good mix of technical detail, intuitive understanding and factual knowledge. … personal accounts together with the numerous real data examples which are accompanied by SAS code for analysis and the opportunity to download the data to gain first-hand experience are the best features of the book. … the authors did a fine job in providing an introduction to statistics in the early stages of the drug development process. The availability of real example data allows the reader to engage himself easily in the topic and the long experience of the authors ensures that many different aspects of pharmacological studies are discussed."" —Thomas Jaki, Lancaster University, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 2010 ""I really enjoyed reading this book. Each chapter includes an excellent introduction based on Scott Patterson's experience working as a biometrician. This will especially be of interest to young statisticians starting their career in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, I strongly recommend this book to all pharmaceutical statisticians to learn more of the challenging statistical problems being generated in drug development. In addition, the presented material provides a springboard for all scientists from academia who are looking to do research in this area of medical applications."" —Dieter Haushcke, Biometrics, September, 2006 ""The authors formulate bioequivalence exhaustively and clearly. … Given the background of the authors, they constitute a key piece of social information in understanding the context in which clinical pharmacology research develops within the pharmaceutical industry."" —Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics"


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