Audel Basic Electronics

About the Author xiv Chapter 1 What Is Electricity? 01 The Invisible Force 01 Amazing Usefulness 02 The Invisible Twin 03 Devices That Do Intelligent Work 04 Summary 04 Review Questions 05 Chapter 2 The Primary Factors 07 The Three Primaries 07 Origins Inside of Atoms 09 Key Terms 09 The Basic Structure of an Atom 15 Current 16 Voltage 17 Resistance 18 Ohm’s Law 19 Analogy of Ohm’s Law 20 Illustrations of Ohm’s Law 21 The Ohm’s Law Circle 23 Power 24 Magnetism 26 Magnetic Poles 27 Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Substances 28 The Earth as a Magnet 28 Magnetic Lines of Force 29 The Molecular Origins of Magnetism 30 The Strength of a Magnet 31 The Lifting Power of a Magnet 31 Static Electricity 34 Types of Current 38 Insulators and Conductors 40 Electromagnetism 41 Galvanoscope 47 Solenoids 47 Summary 49 Review Questions 49 Exercises 50 Chapter 3 Circuits 51 Open and Closed Circuits 51 Series and Parallel Circuits 52 Series Circuits 52 Parallel Circuits 52 Series-Parallel Circuits 53 Short Circuits 54 Circuit Diagrams 56 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 58 Voltage Measurements with Respect to Ground 60 Batteries 61 Principles of Parallel Circuits 68 Shortcuts for Parallel Circuits 70 Kirchhoff’s Current Law for Parallel Circuits 71 Practical Problems in Parallel Circuits 72 Parallel Connection of Cells 74 Principles of Series-Parallel Circuits 76 Kirchhoff’s Current Law for Series-Parallel Circuits 77 Series-Parallel Connection of Cells 78 Circuit Reduction 79 Power in a Series-Parallel Circuit 82 Three-Wire Distribution Circuit 83 Thevenin’s Theorum 88 Summary 91 Review Questions 92 Exercises 93 Chapter 4 Alternating Current 95 Alternating Current Characteristics 95 Frequency 95 Instantaneous and Effective Voltages 95 Ohm’s Law in AC Circuits 98 Power Laws in Resistive AC Circuits 100 Combining AC Voltages 103 Inductive and Capacitive Circuits 108 Inductive Circuits 109 Power in an Inductive Circuit 113 Resistance in an AC Circuit 115 Capacitive Reactance 119 Capacitive Reactance and Resistance in Series 123 Inductance, Capacitance, and Resistance in Series 127 Inductance and Resistance in Parallel 130 Capacitance and Resistance in Parallel 132 Inductance, Capacitance, and Resistance in Parallel 134 Principles of Electromagnetic Induction 135 Laws of Electromagnetic Induction 136 Self-Induction of a Coil 139 Transformers 142 Reversal of Induced Secondary Voltage 150 Transformer Operation 151 Windings and Voltages 152 Recap and Formulas 155 The Primaries 155 Ohm’s Law 156 Reactance 158 Series Circuits 161 Parallel Circuits 162 Series-Parallel Circuits 164 Formulas 166 Summary 166 Review Questions 168 Exercises 169 Chapter 5 Resonance 171 RC Circuits 172 RCL Circuit 173 Parallel LC Circuit 177 Series Resonant Circuits 178 Parallel Resonant Circuits 180 Uses of Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 181 Summary 183 Review Questions 183 Exercises 184 Chapter 6 Semiconductors 185 Doping and Molecular Structure 185 P and N Types 186 Vacuum Tube Devices 186 The PN Junction 189 Holes 191 How the PN Junction Works 192 PNP Junctions 194 Transistors 197 Summary 198 Review Questions 200 Exercises 200 Chapter 7 Semiconductor Devices 201 Diodes 201 Diode Applications 202 Types of Diodes 202 Transistors 207 Transistor Applications 209 Types of Transistors 209 Thyristors 213 Triacs 215 Summary 215 Review Questions 216 Exercises 216 Chapter 8 Optoelectronics 217 The Origins of Light 217 The Nature of Light 218 Wavelength 219 Intensity 221 Optoelectronic Devices 221 Photodiodes 221 Phototransistors 222 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 222 Laser Diodes 222 Optical Isolators 222 Photoresistors 223 Photomultipliers 223 Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) 223 Summary 224 Review Questions 225 Exercises 226 Chapter 9 Circuit Components 227 Conductors 227 Copper Wire 227 Other Conductors 230 Cables 230 Connections 230 Soldering 231 Crimp Connectors 231 Switches 232 Fuses 234 Resistors 236 Capacitors 237 Inductors 238 Relays 238 Transformers 243 Overcurrent Protection 244 Installation 245 Power Supplies 246 Working with Electronic Components 247 Printed Circuit Boards 248 Grounding 249 Grounding Requirements 250 Summary 250 Review Questions 252 Exercises 252 Chapter 10 Filters 253 Types of Filters 255 Low-Pass Filters 256 High-Pass Filters 258 Band-Pass Filters 260 Notch Filters 261 Summary 262 Review Questions 263 Exercises 263 Chapter 11 Amplifiers 265 Signal Distortion 265 Amplitude Distortion 266 Frequency Distortion 266 Clipping 266 Crossover Distortion 267 Phase Distortion 267 Heterodyning 267 Amplifier Classes 268 Class A Amplifiers 268 Class B Amplifiers 269 Class C Amplifiers 269 Transistor Coupling 270 Direct Coupling 270 RC Coupling 270 Transformer Coupling 271 Impedance Coupling 272 Transistor Amplifiers 272 Common-Base Circuits 272 Common-Emitter Circuits 273 Common-Collector Circuits 273 Op-amps 274 Summary 276 Review Questions 277 Exercises 278 Chapter 12 Oscillators 279 The Tank Circuit 279 Timing 280 Positive Feedback 281 RC Timers 281 Types of Oscillators 283 Tuned-Base Oscillator 283 RC Relaxation Oscillator 283 Crystal Oscillators 285 Additional Oscillators 286 Summary 286 Review Questions 288 Exercises 288 Chapter 13 Digital Electronics 289 Digital and Data 289 Binary Code 289 Sending Binary Numbers 290 Basic Logic Circuits 292 Transistor Gates 294 Combination Logic Circuits 296 Sequential Logic Circuits 298 Combination Logic Circuits 302 Integrated Circuits 304 Linear and Digital 306 Summary 306 Review Questions 308 Exercises 309 Chapter 14 Fiber Optics 311 Light Recap 311 Sending Light through Glass Fibers 312 Optical-Signal Transmission 313 Attenuation and Dispersion 313 Internal Reflection 315 Types of Fibers 316 Transmission Devices and Methods 318 Decibels 318 Optical System Materials 319 Light Sources 320 Cabling 321 Connectors 322 Splices 323 Receivers 324 Testing 324 Continuity Testing 324 Power Testing 324 OTDR Testing 329 Optical System Parameters 329 Summary 329 Review Questions 332 Exercises 333 Chapter 15 Radio Transmission 335 Early Development 335 Radio Waves and Propagation 336 Tuned Circuits 340 Oscillators and the Audion 342 Basics 343 Modulation 347 Amplitude Modulation 347 Demodulation 348 Frequency Modulation 349 Pulse Modulation 352 Multiplexing 353 Antennas 353 Transmitting Antennas 354 Polarity 354 Receiving Antennas 355 Wave Paths 356 Summary 357 Review Questions 359 Exercises 360 Chapter 16 Audio 361 The Nature of Sound 361 Elements of Sound 361 Acoustics 364 Audio Systems 364 Audio Devices 365 Microphones 366 Tape Recorders 369 Equalizers 371 Amplifiers 372 Speakers 372 Autotransformers 375 Crossovers 375 Summary 375 Review Questions 377 Exercises 378 Chapter 17 Television 379 Television Basics 379 The Television Picture 382 The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) 383 Color Television 385 Television Systems 385 Closed-Circuit Television 385 Video Cameras 386 Cable TV Channels 387 Summary 387 Review Questions 389 Exercises 390 Chapter 18 Radar 391 Radar Basics 391 Measuring Distance 392 Measuring Speed 394 Measuring Position 395 Waveguides 395 Cavity Resonators 396 Antennas 397 Reciprocity 397 Analyzing Radar Images 397 Radar Systems 399 Summary 399 Review Questions 400 Exercises 401 Chapter 19 Computers 403 Computer Basics 404 Integrated Circuit Chips 405 The Flip-Flop Circuit 406 Personal Computers 407 The CPU 407 Bios 407 Memory 407 Operating System 408 I/O Interfaces 408 Power Supply 408 Bus Systems 408 Disk Drives 408 Summary 408 Review Questions 409 Exercises 409 Appendix A Required Mathematics 411 Appendix B Symbols and Abbreviations 421 Appendix C Circuits 433 Glossary 443 Index 453