Tareq Mahbub is an Associate Professor at Sakarya University, Serdivan, Turkey. The ideation and initial development of this work—including conceptualization, data collection, and final manuscript preparation—were undertaken at North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. He holds a PhD in Management from the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Bangkok, and an MBA in International Business from Carleton University, Ottawa. His research interests include foreign direct investment (FDI) and intellectual property rights, international market entry modes, and FDI in renewable energy. He also brings over a decade of professional experience in the pharmaceutical industry, having served as Business Development Manager (International Marketing) at a US FDA- and MHRA-certified multinational pharmaceutical company, where he was responsible for new market development, contract manufacturing, under-licensing, and strategic alliances across highly and moderately regulated markets.