Atheism and the Problem of Evil

Paul Draper (Professor of Philosophy, Purdue University)

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English

Oxford University Press
28 August 2025

Philosophy: epistemology & theory of knowledge; Nature & existence of God; History of religion; Agnosticism & atheism

Atheism and the Problem of Evil motivates, constructs, and defends two arguments from evil against “core theism.” Core theism is the thesis that an omnipotent, omniscient, and loving agent created the cosmos. Core atheism is the denial of that thesis. Each argument involves comparing core theism to an alternative hypothesis and showing that the alternative is much more probable than core theism, which implies that core theism is very probably false. In the case of the first “decisive evidence” argument, a form of deism is shown to fit the relevant data much better than theism does despite being no less plausible than theism. In the case of the second “decisive priors” argument, a naturalistic hypothesis called “anaxiarchism” is shown to fit the relevant data at least as well as theism does despite being much more plausible than theism. Since these arguments conclude that core atheism is very probable all things considered, their defense cannot ignore alleged evidence for core theism, including ontological arguments, cosmological arguments, fine-tuning arguments, and arguments based on religious experience.

The book includes rigorous and original critiques of such arguments, making it more comprehensive than other volumes on the problem of evil, which typically focus only on evidence against theism. In addition, the book includes a chapter critiquing the strongest forms of “skeptical theism,” which is the view that human ignorance makes us unqualified to judge how well core theism fits the relevant data, including data about the well- or ill-being of conscious living things. Another chapter examines attempts to expand or “version” theism by adding various auxiliary hypotheses to it, whether in the form of Christian doctrines or sceptical claims or speculations about God's reasons for allowing suffering. These attempts are shown to be of no help to the core theist. Finally, in a concluding chapter, the justificatory gap between the belief that core atheism is very probably true and the belief that it is true is bridged by arguing that the high probability of core atheism is stable.

By: Paul Draper (Professor of Philosophy Purdue University)
Imprint: Oxford University Press
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Edition: Atheism and the Problem of Evil
Dimensions: Height: 240mm, Width: 163mm, Spine: 18mm
Weight: 442g
ISBN: 9780192847164
ISBN 10: 0192847163
Pages: 192
Publication Date: 28 August 2025
Audience: College/higher education , Further / Higher Education
Format: Hardback
Publisher's Status: Active

Paul Draper is Professor of Philosophy at Purdue University. Most of his published work applies theories of evidence and probabilistic reasoning to problems in philosophy of religion and philosophy of science. His favorite topic is the problem of evil, about which he has written more than a dozen papers, including his influential article, “Pain and Pleasure: An Evidential Problem for Theists.” In his new book, Atheism and the Problem of Evil, Draper examines, not just facts about evil, but all of the most relevant evidence for and against theism, concluding that the God of traditional Western monotheism does not exist.