Arduino Sketches

Introduction xxix Part I Introduction to Arduino 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Arduino 3 Atmel AVR 5 The Arduino Project 7 The ATmega Series 8 The ATmega Series 8 The ATtiny Series 8 Other Series 9 The Different Arduinos 9 Arduino Uno 10 Arduino Leonardo 10 Arduino Ethernet 11 Arduino Mega 2560 11 Arduino Mini 13 Arduino Micro 13 Arduino Due 13 LilyPad Arduino 14 Arduino Pro 16 Arduino Robot 16 Arduino Esplora 18 Arduino Yún 18 Arduino Tre 19 Arduino Zero 19 Your Own Arduino? 20 Shields 20 What Is a Shield? 20 The Different Shields 21 Arduino Motor Shield 21 Arduino Wireless SD Shield 21 Arduino Ethernet Shield 21 Arduino WiFi Shield 22 Arduino GSM Shield 22 Your Own Shield 22 What Can You Do with an Arduino? 22 What You Will Need for This Book 23 Summary 24 Chapter 2 Programming for the Arduino 25 Installing Your Environment 26 Downloading the Software 27 Running the Software 28 Using Your Own IDE 29 Your First Program 29 Understanding Your First Sketch 33 Programming Basics 36 Variables and Data Types 36 Control Structures 38 if Statement 38 switch Case 39 while Loop 40 for Loop 41 Functions 42 Libraries 42 Summary 42 Chapter 3 Electronics Basics 45 Electronics 101 46 Voltage, Amperage, and Resistance 46 Voltage 47 Amperage 48 Resistance 48 Ohm’s Law 49 The Basic Components 49 Resistors 50 Different Resistor Values 50 Identifying Resistor Values 50 Using Resistors 52 Capacitors 53 Using Capacitors 54 Diodes 54 Different Types of Diodes 54 Using Diodes 55 Light-Emitting Diodes 55 Using LEDs 55 Transistors 56 Using Transistors 56 Breadboards 56 Inputs and Outputs 57 Connecting a Light-Emitting Diode 58 Calculation 58 Software 59 Hardware 60 What Now? 61 Summary 61 Part II Standard Libraries 63 Chapter 4 The Arduino Language 65 I/O Functions 65 Digital I/O 65 pinMode() 66 digitalRead() 66 digitalWrite() 67 Analog I/O 67 analogRead() 68 analogWrite() 68 Generating Audio Tones 69 tone() 69 noTone() 69 Reading Pulses 69 pulseIn() 70 Time Functions 70 delay() 70 delayMicroseconds() 71 millis() 71 micros() 71 Mathematical Functions 72 min() 72 max() 72 constrain() 73 abs() 73 map() 73 pow() 74 sqrt() 74 random() 74 Trigonometry 75 sin() 76 cos() 76 tan() 76 Constants 76 Interrupts 76 attachInterrupt() 77 detachInterrupt() 78 noInterrupts() 78 interrupts() 78 Summary 79 Chapter 5 Serial Communication 81 Introducing Serial Communication 82 UART Communications 84 Baud Rate 84 Data Bits 85 Parity 85 Stop Bits 86 Debugging and Output 86 Starting a Serial Connection 87 Writing Data 88 Sending Text 88 Sending Data 90 Reading Data 91 Starting Communications 91 Is Data Waiting? 91 Reading a Byte 92 Reading Multiple Bytes 92 Taking a Peek 93 Parsing Data 93 Cleaning Up 94 Example Program 95 SoftwareSerial 98 Summary 99 Chapter 6 EEPROM 101 Introducing EEPROM 101 The Different Memories on Arduino 103 The EEPROM Library 104 Reading and Writing Bytes 104 Reading and Writing Bits 105 Reading and Writing Strings 107 Reading and Writing Other Values 108 Example Program 110 Preparing EEPROM Storage 113 Adding Nonvolatile Memory 114 Summary 115 Chapter 7 SPI 117 Introducting SPI 118 SPI Bus 118 Comparison to RS-232 119 Confi guration 119 Communications 120 Arduino SPI 120 SPI Library 121 SPI on the Arduino Due 123 Example Program 125 Hardware 126 Sketch 128 Exercises 131 Summary 132 Chapter 8 Wire 133 Introducing Wire 134 Connecting I2C 135 I2C Protocol 135 Address 136 Communication 137 Communicating 138 Master Communications 139 Sending Information 139 Requesting Information 140 Slave Communications 141 Receiving Information 141 Sending Information 142 Example Program 142 Exercises 146 Traps and Pitfalls 147 Voltage Difference 147 Bus Speed 147 Shields with I2C 148 Summary 148 Chapter 9 Ethernet 149 Introduction 149 Ethernet 150 Ethernet Cables 151 Switches and Hubs 151 PoE 152 TCP/IP 152 MAC Address 153 IP Address 153 DNS 153 Port 153 Ethernet on Arduino 154 Importing the Ethernet Library 154 Starting Ethernet 155 Arduino as a Client 157 Sending and Receiving Data 158 Connecting to a Web Server 159 Example Program 161 Arduino as a Server 163 Serving Web Pages 164 Example Program 165 Sketch 165 Summary 167 Chapter 10 WiFi 169 Introduction 170 The WiFi Protocol 171 Topology 171 Network Parameters 172 Channels 172 Encryption 172 SSID 173 RSSI 173 Arduino WiFi 173 Importing the Library 174 Initialization 174 Status 175 Scanning Networks 176 Connecting and Configuring 177 Wireless Client 178 Wireless Server 179 Example Application 179 Hardware 181 Sketch 182 Exercises 189 Summary 190 Chapter 11 LiquidCrystal 191 Introduction 192 LiquidCrystal Library 194 Writing Text 195 Cursor Commands 196 Text Orientation 197 Scrolling 197 Custom Text 198 Example Program 199 Hardware 200 Software 201 Exercises 205 Summary 205 Chapter 12 SD 207 Introduction 208 SD Cards 211 Capacity 212 Speed 213 Using SD Cards with Arduino 213 Accepted SD Cards 214 Limitations 214 The SD Library 215 Importing the Library 215 Connecting a Card 215 Opening and Closing Files 216 Reading and Writing Files 217 Reading Files 217 Writing Files 218 Folder Operations 218 Card Operations 219 Advanced Usage 220 Example Program and Sketch 220 Summary 224 Chapter 13 TFT 225 Introduction 226 Technologies 227 TFT Library 228 Initialization 228 Screen Preparation 229 Text Operations 230 Basic Graphics 231 Coloring 232 Graphic Images 232 Example Application 233 Hardware 234 Sketch 234 Exercises 239 Summary 239 Chapter 14 Servo 241 Introduction to Servo Motors 242 Controlling Servo Motors 243 Connecting a Servo Motor 243 Moving Servo Motors 244 Disconnecting 245 Precision and Safety 246 Example Application 246 Schematic 248 Sketch 249 Exercises 250 Summary 251 Chapter 15 Stepper 253 Introducing Motors 254 Controlling a Stepper Motor 254 Hardware 255 Unipolar Versus Bipolar Stepper Motors 255 The Stepper Library 256 Example Project 257 Hardware 257 Sketch 258 Summary 260 Chapter 16 Firmata 261 Introducing Firmata 262 Firmata Library 262 Sending Messages 263 Receiving Messages 263 Callbacks 264 SysEx 266 Example Program 268 Summary 269 Chapter 17 GSM 271 Introducing GSM 272 Mobile Data Network 272 GSM 273 GPRS 274 EDGE 274 3 G 274 4 G and the Future 275 Modems 275 Arduino and GSM 276 Arduino GSM Library 276 GSM Class 278 SMS Class 279 VoiceCall Class 281 GPRS 282 Modem 284 Example Application 285 Summary 288 Part III Device-Specific Libraries 289 Chapter 18 Audio 291 Introducing Audio 292 Digital Sound Files 292 Music on the Arduino 294 Arduino Due 294 Digital to Analog Converters 295 Digital Audio to Analog 295 Creating Digital Audio 296 Storing Digital Audio 296 Playing Digital Audio 296 Example Program 298 Hardware 298 Sketch 300 Exercise 303 Summary 304 Chapter 19 Scheduler 305 Introducing Scheduling 306 Arduino Multitasking 307 Scheduler 308 Cooperative Multitasking 309 Noncooperative Functions 311 Example Program 313 Hardware 314 Sketch 316 Exercises 319 Summary 319 Chapter 20 USBHost 321 Introducing USBHost 322 USB Protocol 323 USB Devices 324 Keyboards 324 Mice 325 Hubs 325 Arduino Due 325 USBHost Library 327 Keyboards 327 Mice 329 Example Program 330 Hardware 331 Source Code 332 Summary 334 Chapter 21 Esplora 335 Introducing Esplora 336 The Arduino Esplora Library 337 RGB LED 337 Sensors 338 Buttons 339 Buzzer 340 TinkerKit 341 LCD Module 342 Example Program and Exercises 342 Summary 344 Chapter 22 Robot 345 Introducing Robot Library 346 Arduino Robot 348 Robot Library 349 Control Board 350 Robotic Controls 350 Sensor Reading 351 Personalizing Your Robot 353 LCD Screen 354 Music 356 Motor Board 357 Example Program and Exercises 358 Summary 360 Chapter 23 Bridge 361 Introducing Bridge Library 362 Bridge 363 Process 364 FileIO 366 YunServer 367 YunClient 368 Example Application 369 Hardware 369 Sketch 370 Exercises 373 Summary 373 Part IV User Libraries and Shields 375 Chapter 24 Importing Third-Party Libraries 377 Libraries 378 Finding Libraries 378 Importing a Library 379 Using an External Library 381 Example Application 384 Exercises 389 Summary 389 Chapter 25 Creating Your Own Shield 391 Creating a Shield 391 The Idea 392 The Required Hardware 392 The Required Software 393 Your First Shield 394 Step 1: The Breadboard 395 Step 2: The Schematic 398 Step 3: The PCB 402 Summary 404 Chapter 26 Creating Your Own Library 405 Libraries 405 Library Basics 406 Simple Libraries 406 Advanced Libraries 410 Adding Comments 413 Adding Examples 415 Read Me 415 Coding Style 416 Use CamelCase 416 Use English Words 416 Don’t Use External Libraries 417 Use Standard Names 417 Distributing Your Library 417 Closed Source Libraries 417 Example Library 418 The Library 418 Examples 424 README 427 Finishing Touches 428 Summary 428 Index 429