Archaeologist's Fieldwork Guide

Acknowledgments Introduction 1 Classification and Typology Appliqué types Artifact industries Assemblage types Attributes, basic categories of Attributes of flakes illo Basket parts Basketry types Binford pipestem chronology Bone classification and description Bottle mold types/bottle manufacturing types Bottle parts Boundary types Burial types and descriptions Button attributes Cemetery types Ceramics attributes Ceramics bases Ceramics basic body shapes Ceramics classification by attributes Ceramics decoration types Ceramics fluid/liquid decoration types Ceramics fragment size classification Ceramics identification chart Ceramics rim classes Ceramics type-function classification Ceramics vessel parts Ceramics ware-fabric classification Ceramics ware-fabric classification, historical Clay types Coinage types Context types Data types, historical Debitage types (lithic) Effigy classification Figurine description Glass attributes Glass classification Glaze classification Ground stone attributes Ground stone uses Invertebrate classification Lithics attributes Lithics use-wear traits Materials basic categories Metal artifact categories Mohs scale of hardness Munsell sheets illo Nail classification Particle size descriptions Perforation types Plant remains categories Projectile point attributes Projectile point parts and measures Shell classification Site by function Site by type Soil classification, general Soil horizons and subdivisions Soil layers Soil particle shape Soil structure types Soil taxonomy Soil textural classes Stone tool classification, flaked or chipped Stone tool classification, ground Stone tool parts Stratigraphical context and relationship types Survey classes Survey methods of inspection Timber/jointing description terms Tin can types Tooth types Tyler Scale/grades of clastic sediments Units and spatial divisions Vertebrate classification Wentworth Grain Size Classification 2 Forms and Records Agreement between landlord/property owner and survey party Artifact/field specimen inventory or catalog (1, 2) Artifact (provenience) label/tag (1, 2) Basketry record Building/structure inventory form Bulk sample log Bulk soil sample label/tag Burial record Catalog card Catalog form/site catalog form/field catalog/catalog log Ceramic recording form Coin catalog card Context recording form Crew attendance sheet CRM Federal bid form requirements CRM Phase I field notes and records CRM Phase I shovel test bag label CRM Phase II field notes and records CRM Phase II artifact bag label CRM Phase III field notes and records Daily field report Daily vehicle log Datable sample form Debitage form (lithic) Diet evidence chart Drawings catalog Ecological information form Excavation level form Excavation record Excavation summary form/unit summary form Faunal attribute record Feature catalog Feature form Feature level form Feature record log Feature summary form/feature record (1, 2) Field laboratory log Field inventory form Field notebook system Figurine record Garbage project form Gift form Grain size analysis form Historical resources inventory Human remains occurrence form Level bag inventory Level label/tag Level log/master unit log Masonry form Minimum collection unit (MCU) log Oral history form Participant note form Perishables record Photographic log Photographic log, digital Photographic log, Polaroid Photographic record form Point location catalog Pollen count record Provenience designation catalog Provenience designation form Rock art record Sample bag label/tag Shovel test pit form Site record/site report/site inventory/site survey report Site survey record Skeleton recording form Skin and hide record Special finds form Storage log, on-site Stratigraphic description form Stratigraphy record Study unit catalog Study unit form Textile record Total station datum table Total station field notes form Wall profile/plan view form Wood and cane record 3 Lists and Checklists Analysis-in-the-field equipment list Arbitrary levels, working in Artifact examination methods Artifact field procedure Artifact handling and lifting Artifact packing Artifact sampling, special Augering and coring Basket parts Basketry/bark/wood field conservation Boat kit list Bone identification chart Bone/antler/ivory/shell field conservation Bulk provenience procedure Burial excavation and observations Burial variables checklist Cataloging equipment list Cataloging procedure Ceramics field conservation Closing out a level Context assessment Coordinate grid, setting up CRM (Cultural Resource Management) phases CRM Phase I shovel testing CRM Phase I shovel testing equipment Cross-sectioning a feature Dating methods by material Direction finding with compass Disturbance/exposure types Dump/sifting area placement Ecological sample collection Emergency/disaster strategies, first aid Excavation equipment list/field kit Excavation flow chart Excavation grid, setting up by taping/triangulation Excavation grid, setting up with right angle Excavation rules Expedient grid, setting up Faunal collection, analysis, and identification Features guidelines Field clothing list Field conservation initial steps Field crew Field etiquette Field hazards Field note-taking Field vehicle equipment list Field walking Fieldwork competence guidelines Fieldwork tools illos First aid kit illo Poisonous plants Flaked stone artifact identification Flora collection, analysis, and identification GPS use Ground search survey considerations Ground stone artifact identification Harris Matrix Harris Matrix illo Hearth identification Historical documents Hot weather tips Indicators of potential archaeological site Knife sharpening Labeling site grids Landowner interview questions Landscape reconstruction sources Leather/skins/textiles/cordage field conservation Level subdividing Level sheet recording Lithics field conservation Lithics identification chart Locating a site within a section Masonry and brick description terms Metal artifact analysis steps Metal field conservation Oral history instructions Photo menu board use Pit identification Point provenience procedure Pollen sample collection Post mold identification Powers’ Scale of Roundness for grains Preparing to go on a dig Reconnaissance equipment Recording artifacts with residues Recoding artifact findspot Recording artifact quarry Recording artifact scatter Recording cores Recording features Recording flaked stone artifacts Recording rock art Recording shell midden Recording stratigraphic profile Recording standing structure Recording stone arrangements Recording tools' function Research design Rock and mineral identification chart Sample collection Sampling deep-site excavation Sampling strategy decisions Sampling strategy types Sampling techniques Screen mesh chart Screening Sediment texture tests Shell analysis steps Single-context planning Soil analysis checklist Soil analysis procedure Soil samples Soil types’ effects on materials Strata, defining individual Stratigraphic/natural level excavation method Structural remains guidelines Supervisor checklist Supervisor sample budget Surface observations checklist Surface survey basic observations Survey preparation Survey team responsibilities Survival kit Taping instructions Telescope setup and use Theodolite/transit/dumpy level setup Theodolite/transit/dumpy level use Tree-ring sample collection Trench shoring Trenching types Troweling method Unit completion Unit excavation Vertical-face excavation methods When you find a potential site 4 Mapping, Drawing, and Photography Drawing a plan with offsetting Drawing a site plan Drawing a skeleton Drawing architectural plans Drawing artifact details Drawing, drafting, and mapping equipment list Drawing earth types in sections Drawing frame use Drawing from a digital photograph Drawing instructions Drawing outline of an artifact Drawing profiles and sections Drawing scale change using a photocopier Drawing scales Drawing small finds Drawing special sections Drawing stages for artifacts Drawing stone artifacts Drawing symbols for archaeology Drawings, types of archaeological Map colors Map, making sketch Map, reading topographic Map scales, USGS Map symbols Mapping a site Mapping and drawing features Mapping and surveying equipment list Mapping and surveying symbols Mapping instruments Mapping / plotting contour lines Mapping scales and areas Mapping to scale for artifacts Mapping with plane table Mapping-with-plane-table equipment Maps for archaeological sites Photographic equipment list Photographic guidelines Photographs, aerial Photographs to be taken Photography, digital Photo menu board use 5 Measurement and Conversion Alidade care and adjustment Area calculation Baseline/datum line, datum point, site benchmark and datum plane, site reference point Bearing using protractor illo Bearings calculation Benchmark tying to datum point Compass points-to-degrees conversion Compass positioning illo Datum line ranging with tape Dumpy level use EDM use to set up a grid GPS information Horizontal angle measurement How to set up a level Level-taking in unit Level-taking of sites and features Lines or transects layout Locating to an Ordnance Survey map Locating to the National Grid Map area to field area conversion Map scale equivalents Measurement conversion guide Measurement equipment Measuring around/over obstacles Measuring depth of an artifact or feature Measuring distance Measuring heights and elevation Offsetting Orienting a compass to a map Perpendiculars Plane table use Planimeter use Plumbing a line Plumbing the line/taping a slope Radial measurement Radiocarbon sample size Right triangle, sine, cosine, tangent Rim measuring scale Sample sizes Site grid establishment Slope calculation Stadia formula Stadia reduction tables Subdatum points Surveying tables Surveying with a hand level Surveying common errors Tape measurements Taping a slope Taping common errors Taping procedures Theodolite use Theodolite use to set up a grid Three-point problem Tool measurement > Biface/projectile point parts illo Total station use Transferring height from benchmark to temporary benchmark Transit, theodolite, dumpy level set-up Transit-stadia traverse measurement Traverse recording Triangulation UTM coordinate counter illo UTM grid location of archaeological site Vertical angle measurement Vertical distance measurement Vertical provenience measurement illo Vessel measurement Vessel measurement illo Weights, measures, temperatures (equivalents) 6 Technology in the Field Acoustic research/archaeoacoustics Augering and coring Computer tablet use DNA sampling Drone use Electric resistance surveying Field walking Flotation sampling Geomagnetic surveying Geophysical techniques and underground mapping GIS overlays illo GIS tool use Ground-penetrating radar LiDAR illo LiDAR use Major scientific dating methods Mechanical Excavator Use Metal detector use Optically stimulated luminescence Oxidizable carbon ratio dating Photogrammetry Phytolith sampling Pollen sampling Radiocarbon dating sources of error Radiocarbon formation illo Reflectance transformation imaging Satellite imagery Space archaeology Strontium-isotope sampling 3D data capture and modeling Thermoluminescence illo Two-bucket flotation system illo Water screening Web-based archaeology, Internet presence 7 Archaeology Laboratory Archiving tips Artifact cataloging Artifact conservation Artifact handling and cleaning Artifact handling and cleaning, specific Artifact labeling Artifact sorting Artifact storage Field lab processing illo Flow of artifacts through lab illo Lab analysis Lab environment Lab equipment Lab safety Lab use rules Modeling or reconstruction Record storage on computer Record storage types Reporting results and publication 8 Abbreviations and Codes Animal taxon codes Bone and antler artifact codes Bone codes Ceramics burnish and luster codes Ceramics codes Ceramics construction and surface treatment codes Ceramics excision and incision codes Ceramics fabric codes Ceramics fragment size codes Ceramics painted motif codes Ceramics ware color codes/Munsell codes Chipped stone artifact codes Clay pipe codes Field report abbreviations Geologic codes Glass artifact codes Ground stone artifact codes Organic artifact codes Packaging composition codes Shell artifact codes Stone codes Surveying abbreviations Tooth artifact codes 9 Resources Archaeological associations Archaeological journals Bibliography Ethics in field archaeology Federal (U.S.) legislation regarding archaeology Fieldwork information sources International archaeology ethics, laws, policies Labor rights for paid workers in archaeology U.S. State Historic Preservation Officers (SHPO) U.S. Federal archaeology information U.S. protection of archaeological resources (including permit requirements) Where to buy equipment, supplies Index