Anthropology

"Contents Letter from the Authors About the Authors Preface Acknowledgments PART I The Anthropological Perspective 1 Anthropology: Asking Questions About Humanity How Did Anthropology Begin? The Disruptions of Industrialization The Theory of Evolution Colonial Origins of Cultural Anthropology Anthropology as a Global Discipline What Do the Four Subfields of Anthropology Have in Common? Culture Cultural Relativism Human Diversity Change Holism How Do Anthropologists Know What They Know? The Scientific Method in Anthropology When Anthropology Is Not a Science: Interpreting Other Cultures How Do Anthropologists Put Their Knowledge to Work in the World? Applied and Practicing Anthropology Putting Anthropology to Work What Ethical Obligations Do Anthropologists Have? Do No Harm Take Responsibility for Your Work Share Your Findings A WORLD IN MOTION: George A. Dorsey and the Anthropology of Immigration in the Early Twentieth Century CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: E. B. Tylor and the Culture Concept DOING FIELDWORK: Conducting Holistic Research with Stanley Ulijaszek THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: Anthropologists Are Innovators THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: Key Characteristics of Anthropologists in the Workplace 2 Culture: Giving Meaning to Human Lives What Is Culture? Elements of Culture Defining Culture in This Book If Culture Is Always Changing, Why Does It Feel So Stable? Symbols Values Norms Traditions How Do Social Institutions Express Culture? Culture and Social Institutions American Culture Expressed Through Breakfast Cereals and Sexuality Can Anybody Own Culture? THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: Cultural Anthropology and Human Possibilities CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Franz Boas and the Relativity of Culture ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: Michael Ames and Collaborative Museum Exhibits 3 Human Biocultural Evolution: Emergence of the Biocultural Animal Life Changes. But What Does It Mean to Say It Evolves? A Brief Primer on the Rise of Evolutionary Thinking Differentiating Evolution From Simple Change What It Means to Have Common Ancestry Why Evolution Is Important to Anthropology . . . and Anthropology to Evolution What Are the Actual Mechanisms Through Which Evolution Occurs? The Modern Synthesis Basic Sources of Biological Change: Genes, DNA, and Cells Genetic Mechanisms of Evolution Non-Genetic Mechanisms of Evolution How Do Biocultural Patterns Affect Evolution? Human Inheritance Involves Multiple Systems Evolutionary Processes Are Developmentally Open-Ended The Importance of Constructivist Evolutionary Approaches for Biocultural Anthropology Are Modern Humans Evolving, and Where Might We Be Headed? The Impact of Disease on Evolution Cultural Practices, Morphology, and Evolution Looking to the Future Global Population and Human Density Genetic Manipulation Climate Change and Adaptive Behavioral Patterns CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Clyde Kluckhohn and the Role of Evolution in Anthropology THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: The Biocultural Awesomeness of Awe ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: Clarifying the Biocultural and Evolutionary Dimensions of Obesity 4 Cross-Cultural Interactions: Understanding Culture and Globalization Are Cross-Cultural Interactions All That New? Is the Contemporary World Really Getting Smaller? Defining Globalization The World We Live In What Are the Outcomes of Global Integration? Colonialism and World Systems Theory Cultures of Migration Resistance at the Periphery Globalizing and Localizing Identities Doesn't Everyone Want to Be Developed? What Is Development? Development Anthropology Anthropology of Development Change on Their Own Terms If the World Is Not Becoming Homogenized, What Is Actually Happening? Cultural Convergence Theories Hybridization CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Eric Wolf, Culture, and the World System THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: Coldplay and the Global Citizen Festival A WORLD IN MOTION: Instant Ramen Noodles Take Over the World DOING FIELDWORK: Tracking Emergent Forms of Citizenship with Aihwa Ong PART II Becoming Human METHODS MEMO: How Do Anthropologists Study Human and Primate Biological Processes? 5 Living Primates: Comparing Monkeys, Apes, and Humans What Does It Mean to Be a Primate, and Why Does It Matter to Anthropology? What It Means to Be a Primate The Distinctions Between Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini Primatology as Anthropology What Are the Basic Patterns of Primate Behavioral Diversity, and Under What Conditions Did They Develop? Common Behavior Patterns Among Primates The Emergence of Primate Behavioral Diversity How Do Behavior Patterns Among Monkeys and Apes Compare with Humans? The Lives of Macaques The Lives of Chimpanzees and Bonobos So How Do They Compare With Us? What Does Studying Monkeys and Apes Really Illustrate About Human Distinctiveness? Primate Social Organization and Human Behavior We Have Culture. Do They Too? THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: So You Want to Work With Primates? DOING FIELDWORK: The Ethics of Working with Great Apes CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Sherwood Washburn and the New (Integrative) Physical Anthropology METHODS MEMO: How Do Anthropologists Study Ancient Primates and Human Origins? 6 Ancestral Humans: Understanding the Human Family Tree Who Are Our Earliest Possible Ancestors? Our Earliest Ancestors Were Hominins The Fossil Record of Hominins in The Three Hominin Genera Who Is Our Most Direct Ancestor? What Did Walking on Two Legs and Having Big Brains Mean for the Early Hominins? The Benefits of Upright Movement The Effects of Big Brains on Early Hominin Behavior Who Were the First Humans, and Where Did They Live? Introducing Homo erectus The Emergence of Archaic Humans Who Were the Neanderthals and Denisovans? Contemporary Humans Hit the Scene How Do We Know If the First Humans Were Cultural Beings, and What Role Did Culture Play in Their Evolution? The Emerging Cultural Capacity of H. erectus Culture Among Archaic Humans Social Cooperation and Symbolic Expression THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: How to Think Like a Paleoanthropologist ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: Were We ""Born to Run""? CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, Helpless Babies, and the Evolution of Human Cooperation A WORLD IN MOTION: Rethinking the Peopling of the Americas 7 Human Biodiversity Today: Understanding Our Differences and Similarities In What Ways Do Contemporary Humans Vary Biologically? Genetic Variation Within and Between Human Populations Genetic Variation Is Tied to Gene Flow Physiological Diversity and Blood Types Disease Environments and Human Immunity Why Do Human Bodies Look So Different Across the Planet? Is Skin Really Colored? Variations in Body Shape, Stature, and Size Are Differences of Race Also Differences of Biology? The Biological Meanings (and Meaninglessness) of ""Human Races"" But Isn>'t There Scientific Evidence for the Existence of Races? What Biocultural Consequences Do Social Phenomena Like Discrimination, Rapid Change, Nurturing, and So Forth Have on Human Bodies? Eugenics: A Weak Theory of Genetic Inheritance The Embodied Consequences of Being a Racialized Minority How Do Humans Thrive? CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Ashley Montagu and ""Man's Most Dangerous Myth"" ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: Jada Benn Torres and Reparational Genetics in the Caribbean THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: It Does, in Fact, ""Take a Village:"" A Biocultural Perspective 8 The Body: Biocultural Perspectives on Health and Illness How Do Biological and Cultural Factors Shape Our Bodily Experiences? Uniting Mind and Matter: A Biocultural Perspective Culture and Mental Illness What Do We Mean by Health and Illness? The Individual Subjectivity of Illness The ""Sick Role"": The Social Expectations of Illness How and Why Do Doctors and Other Health Practitioners Gain Social Authority? The Disease-Illness Distinction: Professional and Popular Views of Sickness The Medicalization of the Non-Medical How Does Healing Happen? Clinical Therapeutic Processes Symbolic Therapeutic Processes Social Support Persuasion: The Placebo Effect How Can Anthropology Help Us Address Global Health Problems? Understanding Global Health Problems Anthropological Contributions to Tackling the International HIV/AIDS Crisis ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: Heidi Larson, Vaccine Anthropologist A WORLD IN MOTION: Medical Tourism and Yemen CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Paul Farmer and the Effort to Situate Global Health Problems in an Anthropology of Suffering PART III Humans and Their Material Worlds METHODS MEMO: What Field Methods Do Archaeologists Use to Study the Human and Environmental Past? 9 Materiality: Constructing Social Relationships and MeaningsWith Things Why Is the Ownership of Prehistoric Artifacts and Objects From Other Cultures Such a Contentious Issue? Archaeological Excavation and Questions of Ownership The Road to NAGPRA Cultural Resource Management How Should We Look at Objects Anthropologically? The Many Dimensions of Objects A Shiny New Bicycle in Multiple Dimensions Constructing the Meaning of an Archaeological Artifact How and Why Do the Meanings of Things Change Over Time? The Social Life of Things Three Ways Objects Change Over Time How Archaeological Specimens Change Meaning Over Time What Role Does Material Culture Play in Constructing the Meaning of a Community>'s Past? Claiming the Past The Politics of Archaeology THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: Working as an Ethnographic Collections Manager at the Field Museum A WORLD IN MOTION: The Movement of Art In and Out of Africa CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Margaret Conkey and the Gender Politics of Understanding Past Lives METHODS MEMO: Why Is Carbon-14 So Important to Archaeologists? 10 Early Agriculture and the Neolithic Revolution: Modifying the Environment to Satisfy Human Demands How Important Was Hunting to Prehistoric Peoples? Taking Stock of Living Hunter-Gatherers 's Holistic, On-the-Ground Approach to Fighting Poverty 14 Sustainability: Environment and Foodways Do All People See Nature in the Same Way? The Human-Nature Divide? The Cultural Landscape How Do People Secure an Adequate, Meaningful, and Environmentally Sustainable Food Supply? Modes of Subsistence Food, Culture, and Meaning How Does Non-Western Knowledge of Nature and Agriculture Relate to Science? Ethnoscience Traditional Ecological Knowledge How Are Industrial Agriculture, Economic Globalization, and Climate Change Linked to Increasing Environmental and Health Problems? Population and Environment Ecological Footprint Industrial Foods, Sedentary Lives, and the Nutrition Transition Climate Change and Culture Are Industrialized Western Societies the Only Ones to Conserve Nature? Anthropogenic Landscapes The Culture of Modern Nature Conservation Environmentalism>'s Alternative Paradigms CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Roy Rappaport's Insider and Outsider Models ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: Urban Black Food Justice with Ashanté Reese A WORLD IN MOTION: Migrant Caravans, Global Warming, and Ecological Refugees THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: Careers in Sustainability 15 Power: Politics and Social Control Does Every Society Have a Government? The Idea of"