Advanced Engineering Mathematics

Part A Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) 1 Chapter 1 First-Order ODEs 2 1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling 2 1.2 Geometric Meaning of y’= ƒ(x, y). Direction Fields, Euler’s Method 9 1.3 Separable ODEs. Modeling 12 1.4 Exact ODEs. Integrating Factors 20 1.5 Linear ODEs. Bernoulli Equation. Population Dynamics 27 1.6 Orthogonal Trajectories. Optional 36 1.7 Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions for Initial Value Problems 38 Chapter 1 Review Questions and Problems 43 Summary of Chapter 1 44 Chapter 2 Second-Order Linear ODEs 46 2.1 Homogeneous Linear ODEs of Second Order 46 2.2 Homogeneous Linear ODEs with Constant Coefficients 53 2.3 Differential Operators. Optional 60 2.4 Modeling of Free Oscillations of a Mass–Spring System 62 2.5 Euler–Cauchy Equations 71 2.6 Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions. Wronskian 74 2.7 Nonhomogeneous ODEs 79 2.8 Modeling: Forced Oscillations. Resonance 85 2.9 Modeling: Electric Circuits 93 2.10 Solution by Variation of Parameters 99 Chapter 2 Review Questions and Problems 102 Summary of Chapter 2 103 Chapter 3 Higher Order Linear ODEs 105 3.1 Homogeneous Linear ODEs 105 3.2 Homogeneous Linear ODEs with Constant Coefficients 111 3.3 Nonhomogeneous Linear ODEs 116 Chapter 3 Review Questions and Problems 122 Summary of Chapter 3 123 Chapter 4 Systems of ODEs. Phase Plane. Qualitative Methods 124 4.0 For Reference: Basics of Matrices and Vectors 124 4.1 Systems of ODEs as Models in Engineering Applications 130 4.2 Basic Theory of Systems of ODEs. Wronskian 137 4.3 Constant-Coefficient Systems. Phase Plane Method 140 4.4 Criteria for Critical Points. Stability 148 4.5 Qualitative Methods for Nonlinear Systems 152 4.6 Nonhomogeneous Linear Systems of ODEs 160 Chapter 4 Review Questions and Problems 164 Summary of Chapter 4 165 Chapter 5 Series Solutions of ODEs. Special Functions 167 5.1 Power Series Method 167 5.2 Legendre’s Equation. Legendre Polynomials Pn(x) 175 5.3 Extended Power Series Method: Frobenius Method 180 5.4 Bessel’s Equation. Bessel Functions Jv(x) 187 5.5 Bessel Functions of the Yv(x). General Solution 196 Chapter 5 Review Questions and Problems 200 Summary of Chapter 5 201 Chapter 6 Laplace Transforms 203 6.1 Laplace Transform. Linearity. First Shifting Theorem (s-Shifting) 204 6.2 Transforms of Derivatives and Integrals. ODEs 211 6.3 Unit Step Function (Heaviside Function). Second Shifting Theorem (t-Shifting) 217 6.4 Short Impulses. Dirac’s Delta Function. Partial Fractions 225 6.5 Convolution. Integral Equations 232 6.6 Differentiation and Integration of Transforms. ODEs with Variable Coefficients 238 6.7 Systems of ODEs 242 6.8 Laplace Transform: General Formulas 248 6.9 Table of Laplace Transforms 249 Chapter 6 Review Questions and Problems 251 Summary of Chapter 6 253 Part B Linear Algebra. Vector Calculus 255 Chapter 7 Linear Algebra: Matrices, Vectors, Determinants. Linear Systems 256 7.1 Matrices, Vectors: Addition and Scalar Multiplication 257 7.2 Matrix Multiplication 263 7.3 Linear Systems of Equations. Gauss Elimination 272 7.4 Linear Independence. Rank of a Matrix. Vector Space 282 7.5 Solutions of Linear Systems: Existence, Uniqueness 288 7.6 For Reference: Second- and Third-Order Determinants 291 7.7 Determinants. Cramer’s Rule 293 7.8 Inverse of a Matrix. Gauss–Jordan Elimination 301 7.9 Vector Spaces, Inner Product Spaces. Linear Transformations. Optional 309 Chapter 7 Review Questions and Problems 318 Summary of Chapter 7 320 Chapter 8 Linear Algebra: Matrix Eigenvalue Problems 322 8.1 The Matrix Eigenvalue Problem. Determining Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 323 8.2 Some Applications of Eigenvalue Problems 329 8.3 Symmetric, Skew-Symmetric, and Orthogonal Matrices 334 8.4 Eigenbases. Diagonalization. Quadratic Forms 339 8.5 Complex Matrices and Forms. Optional 346 Chapter 8 Review Questions and Problems 352 Summary of Chapter 8 353 Chapter 9 Vector Differential Calculus. Grad, Div, Curl 354 9.1 Vectors in 2-Space and 3-Space 354 9.2 Inner Product (Dot Product) 361 9.3 Vector Product (Cross Product) 368 9.4 Vector and Scalar Functions and Their Fields. Vector Calculus: Derivatives 375 9.5 Curves. Arc Length. Curvature. Torsion 381 9.6 Calculus Review: Functions of Several Variables. Optional 392 9.7 Gradient of a Scalar Field. Directional Derivative 395 9.8 Divergence of a Vector Field 403 9.9 Curl of a Vector Field 406 Chapter 9 Review Questions and Problems 409 Summary of Chapter 9 410 Chapter 10 Vector Integral Calculus. Integral Theorems 413 10.1 Line Integrals 413 10.2 Path Independence of Line Integrals 419 10.3 Calculus Review: Double Integrals. Optional 426 10.4 Green’s Theorem in the Plane 433 10.5 Surfaces for Surface Integrals 439 10.6 Surface Integrals 443 10.7 Triple Integrals. Divergence Theorem of Gauss 452 10.8 Further Applications of the Divergence Theorem 458 10.9 Stokes’s Theorem 463 Chapter 10 Review Questions and Problems 469 Summary of Chapter 10 470 Part C Fourier Analysis. Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) 473 Chapter 11 Fourier Analysis 474 11.1 Fourier Series 474 11.2 Arbitrary Period. Even and Odd Functions. Half-Range Expansions 483 11.3 Forced Oscillations 492 11.4 Approximation by Trigonometric Polynomials 495 11.5 Sturm–Liouville Problems. Orthogonal Functions 498 11.6 Orthogonal Series. Generalized Fourier Series 504 11.7 Fourier Integral 510 11.8 Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms 518 11.9 Fourier Transform. Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms 522 11.10 Tables of Transforms 534 Chapter 11 Review Questions and Problems 537 Summary of Chapter 11 538 Chapter 12 Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) 540 12.1 Basic Concepts of PDEs 540 12.2 Modeling: Vibrating String, Wave Equation 543 12.3 Solution by Separating Variables. Use of Fourier Series 545 12.4 D’Alembert’s Solution of the Wave Equation. Characteristics 553 12.5 Modeling: Heat Flow from a Body in Space. Heat Equation 557 12.6 Heat Equation: Solution by Fourier Series. Steady Two-Dimensional Heat Problems. Dirichlet Problem 558 12.7 Heat Equation: Modeling Very Long Bars. Solution by Fourier Integrals and Transforms 568 12.8 Modeling: Membrane, Two-Dimensional Wave Equation 575 12.9 Rectangular Membrane. Double Fourier Series 577 12.10 Laplacian in Polar Coordinates. Circular Membrane. Fourier–Bessel Series 585 12.11 Laplace’s Equation in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates. Potential 593 12.12 Solution of PDEs by Laplace Transforms 600 Chapter 12 Review Questions and Problems 603 Summary of Chapter 12 604 Part D Complex Analysis 607 Chapter 13 Complex Numbers and Functions. Complex Differentiation 608 13.1 Complex Numbers and Their Geometric Representation 608 13.2 Polar Form of Complex Numbers. Powers and Roots 613 13.3 Derivative. Analytic Function 619 13.4 Cauchy–Riemann Equations. Laplace’s Equation 625 13.5 Exponential Function 630 13.6 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions. Euler’s Formula 633 13.7 Logarithm. General Power. Principal Value 636 Chapter 13 Review Questions and Problems 641 Summary of Chapter 13 641 Chapter 14 Complex Integration 643 14.1 Line Integral in the Complex Plane 643 14.2 Cauchy’s Integral Theorem 652 14.3 Cauchy’s Integral Formula 660 14.4 Derivatives of Analytic Functions 664 Chapter 14 Review Questions and Problems 668 Summary of Chapter 14 669 Chapter 15 Power Series, Taylor Series 671 15.1 Sequences, Series, Convergence Tests 671 15.2 Power Series 680 15.3 Functions Given by Power Series 685 15.4 Taylor and Maclaurin Series 690 15.5 Uniform Convergence. Optional 698 Chapter 15 Review Questions and Problems 706 Summary of Chapter 15 706 Chapter 16 Laurent Series. Residue Integration 708 16.1 Laurent Series 708 16.2 Singularities and Zeros. Infinity 715 16.3 Residue Integration Method 719 16.4 Residue Integration of Real Integrals 725 Chapter 16 Review Questions and Problems 733 Summary of Chapter 16 734 Chapter 17 Conformal Mapping 736 17.1 Geometry of Analytic Functions: Conformal Mapping 737 17.2 Linear Fractional Transformations (Möbius Transformations) 742 17.3 Special Linear Fractional Transformations 746 17.4 Conformal Mapping by Other Functions 750 17.5 Riemann Surfaces. Optional 754 Chapter 17 Review Questions and Problems 756 Summary of Chapter 17 757 Chapter 18 Complex Analysis and Potential Theory 758 18.1 Electrostatic Fields 759 18.2 Use of Conformal Mapping. Modeling 763 18.3 Heat Problems 767 18.4 Fluid Flow 771 18.5 Poisson’s Integral Formula for Potentials 777 18.6 General Properties of Harmonic Functions. Uniqueness Theorem for the Dirichlet Problem 781 Chapter 18 Review Questions and Problems 785 Summary of Chapter 18 786 Part E Numeric Analysis 787 Software 788 Chapter 19 Numerics in General 790 19.1 Introduction 790 19.2 Solution of Equations by Iteration 798 19.3 Interpolation 808 19.4 Spline Interpolation 820 19.5 Numeric Integration and Differentiation 827 Chapter 19 Review Questions and Problems 841 Summary of Chapter 19 842 Chapter 20 Numeric Linear Algebra 844 20.1 Linear Systems: Gauss Elimination 844 20.2 Linear Systems: LU-Factorization, Matrix Inversion 852 20.3 Linear Systems: Solution by Iteration 858 20.4 Linear Systems: Ill-Conditioning, Norms 864 20.5 Least Squares Method 872 20.6 Matrix Eigenvalue Problems: Introduction 876 20.7 Inclusion of Matrix Eigenvalues 879 20.8 Power Method for Eigenvalues 885 20.9 Tridiagonalization and QR-Factorization 888 Chapter 20 Review Questions and Problems 896 Summary of Chapter 20 898 Chapter 21 Numerics for ODEs and PDEs 900 21.1 Methods for First-Order ODEs 901 21.2 Multistep Methods 911 21.3 Methods for Systems and Higher Order ODEs 915 21.4 Methods for Elliptic PDEs 922 21.5 Neumann and Mixed Problems. Irregular Boundary 931 21.6 Methods for Parabolic PDEs 936 21.7 Method for Hyperbolic PDEs 942 Chapter 21 Review Questions and Problems 945 Summary of Chapter 21 946 Part F Optimization, Graphs 949 Chapter 22 Unconstrained Optimization. Linear Programming 950 22.1 Basic Concepts. Unconstrained Optimization: Method of Steepest Descent 951 22.2 Linear Programming 954 22.3 Simplex Method 958 22.4 Simplex Method: Difficulties 962 Chapter 22 Review Questions and Problems 968 Summary of Chapter 22 969 Chapter 23 Graphs. Combinatorial Optimization 970 23.1 Graphs and Digraphs 970 23.2 Shortest Path Problems. Complexity 975 23.3 Bellman’s Principle. Dijkstra’s Algorithm 980 23.4 Shortest Spanning Trees: Greedy Algorithm 984 23.5 Shortest Spanning Trees: Prim’s Algorithm 988 23.6 Flows in Networks 991 23.7 Maximum Flow: Ford–Fulkerson Algorithm 998 23.8 Bipartite Graphs. Assignment Problems 1001 Chapter 23 Review Questions and Problems 1006 Summary of Chapter 23 1007 Part G Probability, Statistics 1009 Software 1009 Chapter 24 Data Analysis. Probability Theory 1011 24.1 Data Representation. Average. Spread 1011 24.2 Experiments, Outcomes, Events 1015 24.3 Probability 1018 24.4 Permutations and Combinations 1024 24.5 Random Variables. Probability Distributions 1029 24.6 Mean and Variance of a Distribution 1035 24.7 Binomial, Poisson, and Hypergeometric Distributions 1039 24.8 Normal Distribution 1045 24.9 Distributions of Several Random Variables 1051 Chapter 24 Review Questions and Problems 1060 Summary of Chapter 24 1060 Chapter 25 Mathematical Statistics 1063 25.1 Introduction. Random Sampling 1063 25.2 Point Estimation of Parameters 1065 25.3 Confidence Intervals 1068 25.4 Testing Hypotheses. Decisions 1077 25.5 Quality Control 1087 25.6 Acceptance Sampling 1092 25.7 Goodness of Fit. χ2 -Test 1096 25.8 Nonparametric Tests 1100 25.9 Regression. Fitting Straight Lines. Correlation 1103 Chapter 25 Review Questions and Problems 1111 Summary of Chapter 25 1112 Appendix 1 References A1 Appendix 2 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A4 Appendix 3 Auxiliary Material A63 A3.1 Formulas for Special Functions A63 A3.2 Partial Derivatives A69 A3.3 Sequences and Series A72 A3.4 Grad, Div, Curl, ∇2 in Curvilinear Coordinates A74 Appendix 4 Additional Proofs A77 Appendix 5 Tables A97 Index I1 Photo Credits P1