This book delves into the fundamentals and cutting-edge developments in digital image processing, beginning with core concepts such as image formulation, acquisition, enhancement, and restoration. It guides readers through the scientific principles behind digital images-how they are formed, processed, and refined for improved interpretation. With practical examples ranging from gamma-ray and X-ray imaging to color and infrared processing, the book bridges theoretical foundations with real-world applications. Emphasizing both classical techniques and modern research trends, including machine learning-based methods, this work is ideal for students, researchers, and professionals aiming to master the complexities and innovations in visual data analysis.