Adsorption Applications for Environmental Sustainability

Preface Acknowledgements Editor biographies List of contributors 1 Introduction to the state of the art and relevant aspects of the applications of adsorption for environmental safety and sustainability Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor, Uyiosa Osagie Aigbe, Robert Birundu Onyancha, Kenneth Kennedy Adama, Osikemekha Anthony Anani, Ikenna Benedict Onyeachu, Joseph Onyeka Emegha, Benedict Okundaye, Bamikole Olaleye Akinsehinde, Olusoji Anthony Ayeleso and Grace Jokthan 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The development of AST 1.2.1 The principle, concept, and mechanism of AST 1.2.2 AST classification 1.3 Categories and sources of pollutants and emerging (newly identified) contaminants in water 1.3.1 Wastes from industry 1.3.2 Wastes from domestic activities 1.3.3 Wastes from animal farming 1.3.4 Wastes from agricultural activities 1.4 Various adsorbent types 1.4.1 Natural biological/organic adsorbents 1.4.2 Synthetic adsorbents 1.4.3 Natural inorganic/mineral adsorbents (or commercial/industrial adsorbents) 1.5 The application of the AST procedure 1.5.1 The application of AST in the removal of emerging (newly identified) pollutants 1.6 The state of the art and relevant advances in the applications of AST 1.7 Conclusions and future insights References 2 The types, characteristics, and management options (reusability/recyclability/final disposal) of commonly used adsorbents in environmental sustainability Kingsley Obodo and Uyiosa Osagie Aigbe 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Commonly used adsorbents 2.2.1 Carbon-based materials and activated carbon 2.2.2 Clay minerals 2.2.3 Silica gel 2.2.4 Zeolites 2.2.5 Polymeric materials 2.3 The properties of commonly used adsorbents 2.3.1 Pore size 2-13 2.3.2 Adsorption efficiency 2.3.3 Surface area 2.3.4 Selectivity 2.3.5 Regeneration ability 2.3.6 The modification of adsorbents 2.4 Management options 2.4.1 Reusability through desorption 2.4.2 Regeneration and cost 2.4.3 Final disposal 2.5 Conclusions and recommendations References 3 Activated biosorbents for the removal of metals from aqueous solutions Uyiosa Osagie Aigbe, Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor, Robert Birundu Onyancha, Benedict Okundaye, Efosa Aigbe, Kingsley Obodo, Enaroseha O E Omamoke, Lunyanda Lunga Noto, Adelaja Otolorin Osibote and Harrison I Atagana 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Modification procedures 3.3 The sorption of heavy metals using activated biosorbents 3.4 Factors impacting the biosorption of heavy metal ions 3.4.1 The effect of pH on the biosorption of heavy metal ions 3.4.2 The effect of the biosorbent dosage 3.4.3 The effect of the nitial metal concentration 3.4.4 The effect of the contact time 3.4.5 Temperature and thermodynamic analysis 3.5 Kinetic studies 3.6 Equilibrium sorption isotherm 3.7 The mechanism of heavy metal biosorption 3.8 Conclusions and recommendations References 4 Functionalized biosorbents for the sequestration of dye from aqueous solutions Uyiosa Osagie Aigbe, Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor, Robert Birundu Onyancha, Benedict Okundaye, Efosa Aigbe, Kingsley Obodo, Lunyanda Lunga Noto, Adelaja Otolorin Osibote and Harrison I Atagana 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The functionalization of biosorbents 4.3 The biosorption of dyes using functionalized biosorbents 4.4 Factors impacting the biosorption of dyes 4.4.1 The influence of pH on dye biosorption 4.4.2 The influence of the initial dye concentration on the biosorption of dyes 4.4.3 The influence of the biosorbent dosage on the biosorption of dyes 4.4.4 The influence of the contact time on the biosorption of dyes 4.5 Biosorption isotherm models and kinetic models 4.5.1 Isotherm models 4.5.2 Biosorption kinetic models 4.6 Thermodynamic studies 4.7 The mechanisms of thebiosorption process 4.8 Conclusions References 5 The sequestration of heavy metals from soil using functionalized biosorbents Uche Eunice Ekpunobi, Daniel Elaigwu Enenche, Chales Ifeanyi Aghanwa, Abimbola Bankole Akinyele, Patrick Ugochukwu Umennadi, Uzochukwu Abraham Onuigbo and Austin Ozukwe 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Natural sources of heavy metals 5.2.1 Anthropogenic sources of heavy metal contamination 5.2.2 The bioavailability (speciation) of heavy metals 5.3 Factors affecting the speciation of heavy metals 5.4 The toxicity of heavy metals 5.5 Soil remediation 5.5.1 Types of remediation 5.6 Bioremediation 5.6.1 Factors affecting the biosorption process 5.6.2 The preparation of biosorbents 5.6.3 The mechanism of biosorbent action in the sequestration of heavy metals 5.6.4 Metabolism-dependent biosorption 5.6.5 Non-metabolism-dependent biosorption 5.6.6 Factors affecting the different types of biosorbents in the sequestration of heavy metals 5.6.7 Advantages (the strengths of various biosorbents) 5.6.8 Disadvantages (limitations of biosorbents for heavy metal sequestration) 5.7 Conclusions, recommendations, and the way forward References and further reading 6 The photocatalytic degradation of dyes and metal ions using functionalized biosorbents Benedict Okundaye, Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor, Uyiosa Osagie Aigbe, Efosa Aigbe, Vincent Aizebeoje Balogun and Ahmed El Nemr 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The sources and effects of dyes and metal ions on the environment 6.3 Techniques for removing dyes and metal ions from the environment 6.4 Photocatalytic degradation of dyes and metal ions using functionalized biosorbents 6.5 Conclusions References 7 The effective sensing and sequestration of metal ions and dyes using functionalized biosorbents Robert Birundu Onyancha, Uyiosa Osagie Aigbe, Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor, Bill Clintone Oyomo, Stephen Chege and Michael O Atambo 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The detection or sensing of heavy metals and dyes 7.2.1 Spectroscopic sensing techniques 7.2.2 Electrochemical methods of sensing 7.2.3 Optical sensing methods 7.3 Sequestration methods 7.3.1 Chemical precipitation (CP) 7.3.2 Adsorption techniques 7.3.3 Ion exchange technique 7.3.4 Membrane filtration methods 7.3.5 The electrochemical method 7.4 Conclusions References 8 The application of microorganism-derived biosorbents in the removal of heavy metals and dyes Joan Nyika and Megersa Olumana Dinka 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Mechanisms of biosorption 8.3 Types of biosorbents 8.3.1 Microbial biosorption 8.3.2 The removal of heavy metals via microorganism-based biosorption 8.3.3 The removal of dyes through microorganism-based biosorption 8.4 Prospects for the application of biosorbents for heavy metal and dye remediation 8.5 Conclusions References 9 The use of biosorbents derived from invasive plants for environmental remediation W O Egboduku, T Egboduku, J O Emegha and O Imarhiagbe 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Categories of biosorbents 9.3 Biosorbents derived from invasive plants 9.4 The production of biosorbents/biochars from invasive plants 9.5 Preparing biosorbents from invasive plants 9.6 The mechanism of biosorption 9.7 Conclusions References 10 Microorganism-derived biosorbents in the sequestration of contaminants from the soil Timothy Imanobe Oliomogbe, Joseph Onyeka Emegha and Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Heavy metals and the environment 10.3 An overview of biosorption 10.4 Modification of biosorbents 10.5 The biosorption process 10.6 Biosorption mechanisms 10.6.1 Complexation 10.6.2 Chelation 10.6.3 Coordination 10.6.4 Ion exchange 10.6.5 Precipitation 10.6.6 Reduction 10.7 The pros and cons of biosorption 10.7.1 Pros 10.7.2 Cons 10.8 Various factors that impact the biosorption processes 10.8.1 The effect of pH 10.8.2 The effect of temperature 10.8.3 The effect of time 10.8.4 The effect of the initial metal concentration 10.8.5 The effect of agitation speed 10.9 Biosorbents for the removal of heavy metals from soil 10.9.1 Algae as biosorbents 10.9.2 Fungi as biosorbents 10.9.3 Bacteria as biosorbents 10.10 Conclusions References 11 Modeling the adsorption process of the biosorbent-based decontamination of aqueous solutions using kinetic and isotherm models Philomina Nkeonye Okanigbuan, Uyiosa Osagie Aigbe and Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The use of isotherm models and kinetic models for biosorption processes 11.3 Isotherm models 11.4 Kinetic models 11.5 Conclusions References and further reading 12 Green biosorbents for the degradation of petroleum contaminants Joseph Onyeka Emegha, Timothy Imanobe Oliomogbe, Joel Okpoghono, Adeoye Victor Babalola, Chioma Adaku Ejelonu, Dennis Eyetan Elete and Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor 12.1 Introduction 12.2 An overview of green biosorbents 12.3 The characteristics of green biosorbents 12.4 Algae as biosorbents 12.4.1 Algae-based biosorbents for petroleum pollutant removal 12.4.2 Algae-based biosorbents for crude oil removal 12.4.3 The removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using algae‑derived biosorbents 12.5 Bacteria and fungi as biosorbents 12.5.1 Bacteria and fungi-based biosorbents for petroleum pollutant removal 12.5.2 Bacteria and fungi-based biosorbents for crude oil removal 12.5.3 The removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using bacterial and fungal biosorbents 12.6 Major factors which can impact the process of biosorption 12.6.1 Temperature 12.6.2 The moisture content of the soil 12.6.3 Acidity or alkalinity 12.6.4 The chemistry of hydrocarbons 12.6.5 Oxygen availability 12.6.6 The degree of salinity 12.6.7 The ionic strength 12.6.8 Bioavailability 12.7 The benefits of the biosorption process 12.8 Conclusions References 13 The use of the response surface methodology for the adsorption of heavy metals and dyes by biosorbents Juliana O Iji, Ayodeji O Oyedeji, Salami A Kazeem, Maryann I Uzochukwu, Cynthia U Odili, Abdullahi S Argungu, Fatima B Badiru, Stefan Csaki and David O Obada 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Tannery wastewater characteristics 13.2.1 Total nitrogen 13.2.2 Total phosphorus 13.2.3 Chloride ions 13.2.4 Chromium salt 13.2.5 Sulfur-containing compounds 13.2.6 Heavy metals 13.3 RSM techniques for wastewater treatment 13.3.1 Procedures for RSM 13.3.2 Applications of RSM in wastewater treatment 13.4 The application of porous ceramics in tannery WW remediation 13.4.1 Processing techniques for porous ceramics 13.4.2 Materials used to fabricate porous ceramics 13.5 Industrial applications of membranes for water treatment 13.6 Issues that need to be resolved and possible solutions 13.7 Conclusions References and further reading 14 Cost and environmental evaluations and comparisons of commonly used sorbents Kingsley Obodo and Uyiosa Osagie Aigbe 14.1 Introduction 14.2 General parameters affecting the cost of sorbents 14.2.1 Sorbent material 14.2.2 Sorbent quantity 14.2.3 Sorbent regeneration 14.2.4 Operating conditions 14.2.5 Sorption efficiency 14.2.6 Contaminant concentration 14.2.7 Sorption capacity 14.2.8 Sorption kinetics 14.2.9 Regeneration efficiency 14.2.10 The scale of operation 14.2.11 Other parameters 14.3 The costs and environmental evaluations of commonly used sorbents 14.3.1 Overview 14.3.2 Recent interest in common sorbents for environmental remediation 14.4 Conclusions References 15 The challenges of, and perspectives on adsorption applications for environmental sustainability Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor, Uyiosa Osagie Aigbe, Robert Birundu Onyancha, Kenneth Kennedy Adama, Osikemekha Anthony Anani, Joseph Onyeka Emegha, Benedict Okundaye, Rout George Kerry, Atala Bihari Jena, Francis Jesmar P Montalbo, Olusoji Anthony Ayeleso, Grace Jokthan and Aizebeoje Balogun Vincent List of unusual acronyms used 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The effects of wastewater pollution on the environment 15.3 Treatment methods or technologies for wastewater 15.4 Challenges of adsorption applications for environmental safety and sustainability 15.5 Perspectives on adsorption applications for environmental safety and sustainability 15.6 Conclusions References