Abdominal Radiology for the Small Animal Practitioner

Contents Section 1 Introduction and Radiographic Technique Some Helpful Hints Indications for Abdominal Radiography Role of Radiology in Patient Management Steps to Good Film Reading Step One: Technical Factors for Abdominal Radiography Step Two: Using a System for Interpretation Step Three: Roentgen or Radiographic Signs Step Four: Differential Diagnoses Step Five: What's Next? Section 2 Normal Radiographic Anatomy of the Abdomen Viewing the Film Stomach Duodenum Cecum Kidney Spleen Diaphragm Liver Bladder Prostate Lymph Nodes Section 3 Peritoneal Cavity Normal Appearance Increased Peritoneal Opacity Terminology - Synonyms Decreased Peritoneal Opacity-Gas Causes of Intraluminal Gas Accumulation Causes of Extraluminal Gas Accumulation Radiographic (Roentgen) Signs of Extraluminal Gas Decreased Peritoneal Opacity-Fat Causes of Abnormal Fat Opacities Radiographic (Roentgen) Signs Disruption of Borders of the Peritoneal Cavity Diaphragmatic Hernia Hiatal Hernia Peritoneopericardial Hernia Inguinal or Ventral Hernia Perineal Hernia Section 4 Intra-abdominal Masses Evaluation of an Abdominal Mass Gastric Masses Generalized Hepatomegaly Focal Hepatomegaly Differentiate the Stomach Renal Masses Adrenal Mass Diffuse Splenomegaly Focal Splenomegaly Mesenteric/Enteric Masses Pancreatic Masses Ovarian Masses Masses Involving Urinary Bladder Prostatic Masses Uterine Masses Caudal Sublumbar Masses Section 5 Alimentary Tract Contrast Media Barium Ionic Organic Iodine Non-Ionic Organic Iodine Preparations Esophageal/Gastrointestinal Contrast Procedures Radiography of the Esophagus Contrast Examination of the Esophagus-Esophagram Esophagram Technique Disorders of the Esophagus Esophageal Foreign Bodies Megaesophagus Vascular Ring Anomalies Esophageal Masses Radiography of the Stomach and Small Intestine Survey Radiographs Contrast Examination of the Stomach and Small Intestine-Indications Upper Gastrointestinal Series Normal Upper GI Series Stomach Small Intestine Differences in Cats Principles of Interpretation Other Contrast Procedures Upper GI Series with Iodine Pneumogastrogram Double Contrast Gastrogram Disorders of the Stomach Gastric Foreign Body Gastric Torsion/Dilatation Pyloric Outflow Obstruction Gastric Neoplasia Gastroesophageal Intussusception Disorders of Small Intestine Ileus Mechanical Obstruction Foreign Body Intussusception Inflammatory Diseases Without Ulceration Ulcers Infiltrative Disease Radiography of the Large Intestine Contrast Radiography of the Large Intestine Pneumocolography Barium Enema Double Contrast Barium Enema Disorders of the Large Intestine Obstipation Ileocolic Intussusception Cecal Inversion Infiltrative Diseases Mucosal Diseases (Colitis) Section 6 Urinary Tract Selection of Appropriate Contrast Procedure Contrast Examination of the Urinary Bladder (Cystography) Positive Contrast Cystogram Negative Contrast Cystogram (Pneumocystogram) Double Contrast Cystogram Vesicoureteral Reflux Disorders of the Urinary Bladder Urinary Calculi Ruptured Bladder Cystitis Emphysematous Cystitis Urinary Bladder Neoplasia Contrast Examination of the Urethra (Urethrography) Disorders of the Urethra Urethral Calculi Obstructive Uropathy Ruptured Urethra Contrast Examination of the Kidneys and Ureters-Excretory Urogram Normal Excretory Urogram Arteriogram Phase Nephrogram Phase Pyelogram Phase Cystogram Phase Disorders of the Kidneys and Ureters Chronic Renal Disease Renal Dysplasia Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder Hydronephrosis Renal Calculi Pyelonephritis Renal Neoplasia Polycystic Renal Disease Perirenal Pseudocyst Compensatory Hypertrophy Functional Evaluation of the Kidney Ruptured Ureter Ureteral Ileus Ureteral Calculi Primary Ureteritis Ectopic Ureter Section 7 Reproductive Tract Female: Uterus and Ovaries Pregnancy Disorders of the Female Reproductive Tract Pyometra and Other Causes of Uterine Enlargement Dystocia Fetal Death Ovarian Neoplasia Disorders of the Male Reproductive Tract Retained Testicles and Prostate Gland Testicular Masses Prostatic Enlargement Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Prostatitis Prostatic Abscess Prostatic Neoplasia Prostatic and Paraprostatic Cysts Section 8 Anomalies Microhepatica Renal Agenesis Malpositioned Kidneys Kartagener's Syndrome Recommended Readings