3D Bioprinting from Lab to Industry

List of Contributors xv Foreword xxi Ajoy Kumar Ray 1 Introduction of 3D Printing and Different Bioprinting Methods 1 Asmita Biswas, Baisakhee Saha, Hema Bora, Pravin Vasudeo Vaidya, Krishna Dixit, and Santanu Dhara 1.1 Introduction of 3D Printing: Principles and Utility 1 1.2 Ink Preparation and Printability 2 1.3 Methods of Bioprinting in Fabrication and Tissue Engineering 5 1.4 Scaffold Modeling and G Coding 16 1.5 Applications and Utility in Large- Scale Manufacturing 18 1.6 Complications and Troubleshooting 25 References 27 2 Cellular Requirements and Preparation for Bioprinting 39 Shalini Dasgupta, Vriti Sharma, and Ananya Barui 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Types of Bioprinting 40 2.3 Features Required for Bioprinting with Cells 44 2.4 Bioprinting Methodologies for Cell Expansion and Proliferation 55 2.5 The Impact of Bioprinting Process Conditions on Phenotype Alterations 57 2.6 Discussion 68 2.7 Conclusion 69 2.8 Future Prospects 69 References 70 3 3D Bioprinting: Materials for Bioprinting Bioinks Selection 85 Mona Moaness and Mostafa Mabrouk 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 Bioprinting Materials 87 3.3 Bioinks Selectivity Guide 90 3.4 Classification of Bioprinting Materials 94 3.5 3D Bioprinting Methods According to the Type of the Bioinks 100 3.6 Bioinks Selection According to Biomedical Application 102 3.7 Multicomponent Bioinks 106 3.8 Future Prospects 107 References 107 4 Printed Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering 119 Thara Tom, Samanta Sam, Josmin P. Jose, M.S. Sreekala, and Sabu Thomas 4.1 Introduction 119 4.2 Biomedical Application of 3D Printing 120 4.3 Tissue Engineering: Emerging Applications by 3D Printing 128 4.4 Conclusions 136 References 136 5 Printability and Shape Fidelity in Different Bioprinting Process 143 Prajisha Prabhakar, Aiswarya Sathian, and Sabu Thomas 5.1 Introduction 143 5.2 Fundamentals of Printability 144 5.3 Bioprinting Techniques and Printability 146 5.4 Shape Fidelity 152 5.5 Case Studies and Applications 161 5.6 Conclusion 163 References 163 6 Advancements in Bioprinting for Medical Applications 169 Kevin Y. Wu, Maxine Joly- Chevrier, Laura K. Gorwill, Michael Marchand, and Simon D. Tran 6.1 Introduction 169 6.2 Bioprinting for Drug Development and Testing 170 6.3 Bioprinting in Tissue Engineering, Regenerative Medicine, and Organ Transplantation 183 6.4 Bioprinting in Tissue: Challenges, Barriers to Clinical Translation, and Future Directions 215 6.5 Conclusions 218 Acknowledgments 218 References 219 7 4D-Printed, Smart, Multiresponsive Structures and Their Applications 231 Jinku Kim, D.A. Gouripriya, and Prosenjit Saha 7.1 Introduction 231 7.2 4D- Printing Technologies 232 7.3 Biomaterials for 4D Bioprinting 234 7.4 Biomedical Applications for 4D Bioprinting 239 7.5 Future Perspectives 244 References 246 8 Toxicity Aspects and Ethical Issues of Bioprinting 251 Noura Al Hashimi and Sanjairaj Vijayavenkataraman 8.1 Introduction 251 8.2 Toxicity Issues in Bioprinting 253 8.3 Ethical Issues in Bioprinting 255 8.4 Issues in Clinical Trials 259 8.5 Legal Issues in Bioprinting 262 8.6 Conclusion 265 References 266 9 Planning Bioprinting Project 273 Anish Deb, Prosenjit Saha, and Debashis Sarkar 9.1 Introduction 273 9.2 Background: Image Capturing and Solid Model Preparation of Virtual Anatomical Model for 3D Printing 275 9.3 Conclusion 296 References 297 10 Computational Engineering for 3D Bioprinting: Models, Methods, and Emerging Technologies 301 Vidyapati Kumar, Ankita Mistri, Varnit Jain, and Manojit Ghosh 10.1 Introduction 301 10.2 Fundamentals of Numerical Methods in Bioprinting 306 10.3 Application of Machine Learning for 3D Bioprinting 312 10.4 Summary 315 References 317 11 Controlling Factors of Bioprinting 323 Mridula Sreedharan, D.A. Gouripriya, Ankita Deb, Yves Grohens, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Prosenjit Saha, and Sabu Thomas 11.1 Introduction 323 11.2 Factors Influencing the Printability of Hydrogel Bioink 324 11.3 Bioink Formulation 327 11.4 Influence of Printing Process on Cell Behavior 328 11.5 Importance of Patterning and Surface Topography 330 11.6 Contact Guidance and Directional Growth of Cells 337 11.7 Cell Viability and Mitigation Process 339 11.8 Possible Mitigation Techniques 342 11.9 Conclusion 342 References 343 12 In Situ Bioprinting 347 Mina Mina, Kevin Y. Wu, Ananda Kalevar, and Simon D. Tran 12.1 Introduction 347 12.2 Advantages of In Situ Bioprinting 348 12.3 In Situ Bioprinting Technologies 351 12.4 Bioinks and Biomaterials for In Situ Bioprinting 362 12.5 In Situ Approaches for Tissue Regeneration 364 12.6 Future Directions 379 12.7 Conclusion 381 Acknowledgments 382 References 382 13 Importance of Machine Learning in 3D Bioprinting 391 Shohreh Vanaei, Saeedeh Vanaei, Michèle Kanhonou, Sofiane Khelladi, Abbas Tcharkhtchi, and Hamid Reza Vanaei 13.1 Introduction 391 13.2 3D Bioprinting 392 13.3 Machine Learning in 3D Bioprinting 399 13.4 Challenges in 3D Bioprinting Process Using ML 404 13.5 Future Outlook 405 13.6 Summary and Conclusion 406 References 407 14 Advanced Bioprinting for the Future 411 D.A. Gouripriya, Soumyadeep Bera, Jaideep Adhikari, Poonam Debnath, Prosenjit Saha, and Sabu Thomas 14.1 Introduction 411 14.2 Electrospinning and Bioprinting 412 14.3 4D Printing 413 14.4 5D and 6D Printing 418 14.5 Organ Printing 421 14.6 Vascularized Organ on a Chip 424 14.7 Multimaterial Bioprinting 426 14.8 Printing in Microgravity 429 14.9 In Vivo Bioprinting 430 14.10 Biohybrid Robots 432 14.11 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 434 References 435 15 Nanomaterials for Designing Functional Properties of Bioinks 441 Laila Hussein, Mostafa Mabrouk, Mohamed G. Farahat, and Hanan H. Beherei 15.1 3D- Bioprinting 441 15.2 Designing Functional Bioinks Using Nanoscale Biomaterials 443 15.3 Synthesis and Tailoring the Properties of Nanobioinks 456 15.4 Nanobioinks and Tissue Engineering 460 15.5 Future Outlook 462 References 463 16 3D Bioprinting from Lab to Industry 475 Saeedeh Vanaei, Shohreh Vanaei, Michèle Kanhonou, Abbas Tcharkhtchi, and Hamid Reza Vanaei 16.1 Introduction 475 16.2 3D Bioprinting and Its Historical Point of View 477 16.3 Potential of 3D Bioprinting from Lab to Industry 478 16.4 The Diversity of 3D Bioprinting 479 16.5 3D Bioprinting and Human Hearts 486 16.6 3D Bioprinting and Microfluidic Organ- on- a-Chip Models 488 16.7 Future Developments 490 References 490 Index 493