Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) was a French aristocrat who traveled to the United States in 1831 to investigate the nation's penal system, a journey that resulted in Democracy in America, his landmark work of historical and social analysis. Arthur Goldhammerhas translated from the French more than 80 works in history, literature, art history, classical studies, philosophy, psychology, and social science. Olivier Zunzis Commonwealth Professor of History at the University of Virginia. He is the author ofWhy the American Century?,Making America Corporate, 1870-1920, andThe Changing Face of Inequality, and co-editor ofThe Tocqueville Reader- A Life in Letters and Politics.