The Great Contradiction

The Tragic Side of the American Founding

Joseph J. Ellis

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Hardback

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English

Random House Inc
09 December 2025

History

A major new history from our most trusted voice on the Revolutionary era, the author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning Founding Brothers and the National Book Award winner American Sphinx- an astounding look at how America's founders-Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, Madison, Adams-regarded the issue of slavery as they drafted the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. A daring and important work that ultimately reckons with the two great failures of America's founding- the failure to end slavery and the failure to avoid Indian removal.

A major new history from our most trusted voice on the Revolutionary era, the author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning Founding Brothers and the National Book Award winner American Sphinx, and featured in THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, a film by Ken Burns, Sarah Botstein, and David Schmidt, on PBS.

An astounding look at how America's founders-Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, Madison, Adams-regarded the issue of slavery as they drafted the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. A daring and important work that ultimately reckons with the two great failures of America's founding- the failure to end slavery and the failure to avoid Indian removal.

On the eve of the American Revolution, half a million enslaved African Americans were embedded in the North American population. The slave trade was flourishing, even as the thirteen colonies armed themselves to defend against the idea of being governed without consent. This paradox gave birth to what one of our most admired historians, Joseph J. Ellis, calls the ""great contradiction""- How could a government that had been justified and founded on the principles articulated in the Declaration of Independence institutionalize slavery? How could it permit a tidal wave of western migration by settlers who understood the phrase ""pursuit of happiness"" to mean the pursuit of Indian lands?

With narrative grace and a flair for irony and paradox, Ellis addresses the questions that lie at America's twisted roots-questions that turned even the sharpest minds of the Revolutionary generation into mental contortionists. He discusses the first debates around slavery and the treatment of Native Americans, from the Constitutional Convention to the Treaty of New York, revealing the thinking and rationalizations behind Jay, Hamilton, and Madison's revisions of the Articles of Confederation, and highlights the key role of figures like Quaker abolitionist Anthony Benezet and Creek chief Alexander McGillivray.

Ellis writes with candor and deftness, his clarion voice rising above presentist historians and partisans who are eager to make the founders into trophies in the ongoing culture wars. Instead, Ellis tells a story that is rooted in the coexistence of grandeur and failure, brilliance and blindness, grace and sin.

By: Joseph J. Ellis
Imprint: Random House Inc
Country of Publication: United States
Dimensions: Height: 235mm, Width: 156mm, Spine: 15mm
Weight: 469g
ISBN: 9780593801413
ISBN 10: 0593801415
Pages: 240
Publication Date: 09 December 2025
Audience: General/trade , ELT Advanced
Format: Hardback
Publisher's Status: Forthcoming

JOSEPH J. ELLIS is the author of many works of American history, including Founding Brothers- The Revolutionary Generation, which was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, and American Sphinx- The Character of Thomas Jefferson, which won the National Book Award. He lives on Hawk Mountain, in Plymouth County, with his wife and two labradoodles

Reviews for The Great Contradiction: The Tragic Side of the American Founding

“As we approach the 250th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, Joseph J. Ellis has given us a necessary corrective to any would-be triumphant narratives of America’s founding. Fluidly written and cogently argued, The Great Contradiction puts the failures to abolish slavery and to avoid Indian removal at the heart of the country’s creation story; failures that have shaped us to this day.” —Annette Gordon-Reed, author of On Juneteenth “How did the founders manage to lose all sight of their revolutionary ideals when it came to Black and Native Americans? ‘Prejudice, avarice, and pusillanimity’ was the assessment of one 1782 idealist, a formula Joseph J. Ellis unpacks here with his trademark clarity. Cutting through mist and myth, Ellis probes—on 18th century rather than 21st century terms—the questions that reduced thinkers like James Madison and Thomas Jefferson to blithering incoherence. An elegant, concise volume that illuminates the obfuscations, misunderstandings, and hypocrisy that continue to sabotage us today.” —Stacy Schiff, author of The Revolutionary: Samuel Adams