Computational Reflections

ENDORSEMENTS “Brian Cantwell Smith’s provocative, carefully reasoned reflections on computing are indispensable for computer scientists, philosophers, and any others aspiring to think seriously about the issues raised by the increasingly consequential uses of digital-computational systems.” —Joseph Rouse, Hedding Professor of Moral Science, Wesleyan University; author of Articulating the World and Social Practices as Biological Niche Construction “Cantwell Smith exposes a core problem of the computer-saturated, AI-driven world: confusing symbols with reality. Generative AI does not represent lived meaning but produces coherent hallucinations from tokens, which limits its suitability for roles requiring genuine understanding, care, and responsibility.” —Terry Winograd, Professor of Computer Science, Emeritus, Stanford University; Codirector of the Stanford Human–Computer Interaction Group