Regionalization of the World

"Introduction xiii Pierre BECKOUCHE and Yann RICHARD Chapter 1 From Regional Geography to the Geography of Regionalization 1 Pierre BECKOUCHE and Yann RICHARD 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 19th and 20th centuries: the hesitant paths of regionalization between intra-state regions and continents 2 1.2.1 The legacy of the 18th century 2 1.2.2 Vidal and the vidalians: lifestyles, cities and circulation 2 1.3 20th century: an early but timid emergence of the world 4 1.3.1 The world as a chessboard 4 1.3.2 The inter-war period: decline of Europe, the European region, Triad 5 1.3.3 After World War II: global regions at last? 6 1.3.4 The 1980s: the world as a system 8 1.4 The turn of the 20th/21st century: relations between geographers and other disciplines are almost one way 8 1.4.1 Economics reformulates the regional equation 9 1.4.2 Trendy regionalism and multidisciplinary necessity 9 1.4.3 Contributions and aporias of the civilizational paradigm 11 1.5 References 12 Chapter 2 The Regionalization of Migration 17 Camille SCHMOLL 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Regionalization: main characteristics 18 2.2.1 A global trend… 18 2.2.2 …particularly strong in Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa 19 2.2.3 Contrasting developments 20 2.2.4 The share of forced migration 21 2.3 The region: a relational space, crossed by intense circulation 22 2.3.1 Naming and describing the regionalization of migration From the field to the migration system 22 2.3.2 The region ""from below"": a circulatory territory 23 2.4 The political dimension: a crucial aspect for understanding the structuring of migrant regions 24 2.4.1 From the migration system to the migration regime, a strong political connotation 24 2.4.2 The double European migration regime 25 2.5 Conclusion: the power of proximity 25 2.6 References 26 Chapter 3 Energy Supply: Comparison of Regional Experiences 29 Angélique PALLE 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Francophone approaches and determining factors of regional energy integration 30 3.2.1 Approaches to francophone geography 30 3.2.2 The determining factors of regional energy integration, a process combining several layers 31 3.3 Regional energy integration models and the challenge of ecological transition 33 3.3.1 Comparison of international energy integration dynamics and typology 33 3.3.2 Is energy integration a response to the ecological transition? 36 3.4 Conclusion 37 3.5 References 38 Chapter 4 Transport Systems and Regional Integration 43 Antoine BEYER 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Transport and circulation: key variables in the partition models of the world into large civilizational groups 44 4.2.1 A global trend… 44 4.3 Globalized transport and hierarchical rearrangement of regional units 46 4.4 Continental transport corridors, at the heart of regional integration projects 52 4.5 The difficulty of measuring the knock-on effects of transport corridors on regional economies 55 4.6 TEN-T: political leverage for European integration 56 4.7 Towards a regionalization of international transport law? 58 4.8 Conclusion: the multidimensional construction of regional integrations through the lens of transport systems 62 4.9 References 63 Chapter 5 The Regionalization-Globalization Pair: A Reading of the Evolution of World Trade 67 Gilles VAN HAMME 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 A methodology for analyzing regional and global dynamics 69 5.3 The main lessons learned 71 5.3.1 A regional organization of exchanges 71 5.3.2 The deglobalization of the 2010s? 73 5.3.3 What are the driving forces of these refocusing processes? 76 5.4 Towards a reinterpretation of the regionalization-globalization dynamics 77 5.4.1 From the migration regime, a strong political connotation 77 5.5 Conclusion: a look at the production of francophone geography on these issues 78 5.6 Appendix 79 5.7 References 80 Chapter 6 Stock Market Activity and the Regionalization Process 83 Maude SAINTEVILLE 6.1 Introduction 83 6.2 Regionalization in the practices of stock exchange activities: the case of cross-border listings 84 6.2.1 Observing the regionalization of cross-border listings in the context of stock exchange activities 84 6.2.2 Explaining regionalization through relational preferences 86 6.2.3 Regionalization in the face of the 2007-2008 financial crisis 86 6.3 Regionalization in the organization of the stock exchange activity: the construction of stock exchange groups 87 6.3.1 The choice of regionalization for the organization of stock exchange groups? 87 6.3.2 Regionalization favored by regional integration: the case of stock market activity within the European Union 93 6.4 What role for regionalization in the evolution of stock market activity? 94 6.5 Conclusion: the power of proximity 96 6.6 References 97 Chapter 7 The Runet, a Region of Cyberspace? 99 Kevin LIMONIER 7.1 Introduction 99 7.2 From the cultural to the political Runet: appropriation of the ""upper layers"" of cyberspace 101 7.3 Control and dependencies on the lower layers of cyberspace 105 7.4 Conclusion 108 7.5 References 109 Chapter 8 Security Regions: A Heterogeneous World Between Conflicts and Cooperation 111 Emmanuel CHAUVIN 8.1 Introduction 111 8.2 Regional security cooperation: globalization and diversification 112 8.2.1 Security, the basis of regional construction 112 8.2.2 Security for the regions: from defense to human security 114 8.2.3 Regional security architectures: a variety of styles 117 8.3 Realities and myths of the regionalization of insecurity 118 8.3.1 Regional violence training 119 8.3.2 Insecurities that recompose regions 120 8.3.3 Imaginary figures of regional insecurities 121 8.4 Conclusion 122 8.5 References 123 Chapter 9 African Integration in All Its Forms 127 Géraud MAGRIN and Olivier NINOT 9.1 Introduction 127 9.2 Regional paper integrations? 128 9.2.1 Slow progress in regional integration 128 9.2.2 Africa's regions as seen from the outside 131 9.3 African trade from below 132 9.3.1 Historical relational areas that replay in the present 133 9.3.2 The ambiguous potential of national peripheries 133 9.3.3 The other side of the border 134 9.4 Artifact-centered regionalizations 135 9.4.1 International corridors: a tool for extraversion or support for regional markets? 136 9.4.2 Environmental integration? 137 9.5 Conclusion 138 9.6 References 139 Contents ix Chapter 10 Europe, a Geographical Puzzle (A) 145 Etienne TOUREILLE, Antoine LAPORTE and Claude GRASLAND 10.1 Introduction 145 10.2 The various definitions of Europe 146 10.2.1 Europe captured by the EU: the institutional tropism 146 10.2.2 Europe-continent: a cumbersome ethnocentrism 149 10.2.3 The geographer's Europe: a whole to be (de)constructed, to be regionalized 152 10.3 Finding the limits of Europe 153 10.3.1 A plurality of approaches 153 10.3.2 Limitations and perspectives 156 10.3.3 Some ideas for reflection: returning to the deeper meaning of regionalization 157 10.4 Conclusion: the geography of Europe, a psychoanalytical exercise for Europeans 159 10.4.1 A necessarily plural and complex object 160 10.4.2 Dividing the world into regions: a way to find our place in it 160 10.5 References 161 Chapter 11 Three Exercises in the Regionalization of Europe 167 Antoine LAPORTE, Etienne TOUREILLE and Claude GRASLAND 11.1 Introduction: the search for Europe and three tracks for its quest 167 11.2 Embassy networks in the world and the renewed place of European states 169 11.3 Europe through the titles of regional IGOs: a perspective from Turkey 172 11.4 Europe and world regions in the French national daily press (2013-2020) 176 11.5 Conclusion: Europe and the European Union, a complex and ever-changing landscape 182 11.6 References 183 Chapter 12 The Arctic, a (Macro)Region under Construction? 185 Camille ESCUDÉ and Frédéric LASSERRE 12.1 Introduction 185 12.2 The Arctic, a self-proclaimed region? The notion of region mobilized (or not) by the Arctic actors 187 12.2.1 Belonging to the Arctic, previously politically mobilized 187 12.2.2 Other minimal forms of belonging: economic, autonomous, scientific 188 12.3 A region built mainly from above: institutional regionalism draws the boundaries of a contested region 189 12.3.1 Protecting the environment: a pillar of regional integration 189 12.3.2 External actors attempt to expand the political boundaries of the region 191 12.4 Building a functional Arctic region from below? 194 12.4.1 The weak regionalization of activities 195 12.4.2 Regionalization of trade on a larger scale: the example of the Barents region 197 12.5 Conclusion 199 12.6 References 201 Chapter 13 North America: An Asymmetric Regional Integration 207 Christian GIRAULT 13.1 Introduction 207 13.2 The region of great spaces 207 13.2.1 A region long isolated on the world map 208 13.2.2 A very simple political map 209 13.3 The three partner states in North America 209 13.3.1 The wars of the 19th century, the affirmation of modern nations and the delicate regional theme 209 13.3.2 American hegemony over strategic control of the region 211 13.3.3 Neighborhood, technical and diplomatic cooperation: progress throughout the 21st century 212 13.4 What kind of integration is taking place in North America? 213 13.4.1 The consequences of NAFTA are irreversible 214 13.4.2 An agreement badly affected by September 11 and cartels, but eventually solid 216 13.4.3 The renegotiation of NAFTA under Donald Trump 216 13.4.4 The reality of population integration and ideological battles over migration 217 13.5 Conclusion: the dilemmas of hyperpower in international competition 219 13.6 References 220 Chapter 14 Latin American Integrations 223 Sébastien VELUT 14.1 Introduction 223 14.2 Naming a large region to integrate it 224 14.3 National and regional integrations 226 14.4 Advances and impasses of contemporary political projects 230 14.5 True integration by the actors 233 14.6 Conclusion: the meaning of integration 235 14.7 References 236 Chapter 15 The People's Republic of China: Regional Pre-eminence as a Mirror of its Global Power 241 Thierry SANJUAN and Karine HENRIOT 15.1 Introduction 241 15.2 From regional integration to the construction of its own regional mechanism 242 15.2.1 Breaking out of isolation 243 15.2.2 Economic integration 244 15.2.3 Building a regional environment of your own 244 15.3 The territories of integration in Asia 245 15.3.1 The territories of the Chinese opening 246 15.3.2 Border regulations 247 15.3.3 Chinese territories of integration outside the Mainland 247 15.3.4 Regional cooperation and security 248 15.4 Projection in Asia and regional tensions 248 15.4.1 International events in Asia 249 15.4.2 ""Compatriots"" and the Chinese overseas 249 15.4.3 Growing regional tensions 250 15.4.4 The ambivalence of a differentiated discourse between Asian power and world power 251 15.5 Conclusion: the power of proximity 252 15.6 References 253 Chapter 16 Southeast Asia, a Region? 255 Nathalie FAU 16.1 Introduction 255 16.2 Regional integration as a tool for international recognition 256 16.2.1 From an exogenous regional name to the construction of ASEAN 256 16.2.2 The difficult emergence of a Southeast Asian community 257 16.2.3 The centrality of ASEAN 258 16.3 Reconciling regional integration and integration into globalization 259 16.3.1 An externally driven economic integration dynamic 259 16.3.2 Re-engineering Southeast Asia by improving regional connectivity 260 16.3.3 The privileged territories of regional integration 262 16.4 Between risk of dilution and disintegration 264 16.4.1 China, a factor in the disintegration of Southeast Asia? 264 16.4.2 A proliferation of regionalization projects larger than Southeast Asia 265 16.5 Conclusion: the power of proximity 267 16.6 References 268 Conclusion 273 Pierre BECKOUCHE and Yann RICHARD List of Authors 281 Index 283"