Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Medicine

List of Contributors xi Preface xvii 1 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Medicine 1 P. M. Visakh 1.1 Nanoneurology 1 1.2 Nanomolecular Diagnostics 3 1.3 Nanopharmaceuticals 4 1.4 Role of Nanotechnology in Biological Therapies 6 1.5 Nanomaterials for Gene Therapy 8 1.6 Nanotools for the Treatment of Ocular Diseases 10 1.7 Nanotechnology Applications in Food and Nutrition Science 11 1.8 Rubber Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications 13 References 15 2 Nanoneurology 27 LironL. Israel and Eggehard Holler 2.1 Introduction and Recent Advances 27 2.2 Types of Nanomaterials 30 2.3 Nanomaterial Applications for Neurodegenerative Diseases 32 2.4 Nanomaterial Applications for Strokes 38 2.5 Nanomaterial Applications for Spinal Cord Injuries 41 2.6 Nanomaterial Applications for Brain Tumors 44 2.7 Adverse Effects of Nanomaterials 50 2.8 Regulatory Issues 53 2.9 Conclusions 54 References 54 3 Nanomolecular Diagnostics 65 Anila Fariq, Ayesha Selhaba, Anum Zulfiqar, and Azra Yasmin 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Nanodiagnostics 67 3.3 Nanoparticles for Molecular Diagnostics 68 ftoc.indd 5 04/25/2022 14:43:47 vi  Contents 3.4 Applications of Nanoparticles for Molecular Diagnostics 75 3.5 Comparison Between Nanomaterials and Other Materials in Molecular Diagnostics 79 3.6 Prospects of Nanodiagnostics 79 3.7 Regulatory Issues 80 3.8 Conclusion 81 References 82 4 Nanopharmaceuticals 87 David Quintanar-Guerrero, Gerardo Leyva-Gómez, Nancy Evelyn Magaña Vergara, and Néstor Mendoza Muñoz 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Liposomes in Nanopharmaceuticals 89 4.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles in Nanopharmaceuticals 93 4.4 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Nanopharmaceuticals 99 4.5 Dendrimers in Nanopharmaceuticals 101 4.6 Quantum Dots in Nanopharmaceuticals 104 4.7 Regulatory Issues 106 4.8 Conclusion 109 References 109 5 Role of Nanotechnology in Biological Therapies 115 Blanca Ocampo-García, Liliana Aranda Lara, Guillermina Ferro-Flores, Enrique Morales-Avila, and Keila Isaac-Olivé 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Biological Therapies 116 5.3 Nanoparticles in Biological Therapies 118 5.4 Application of Nanotechnology in Biological Therapies 131 5.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanoparticles in Biological Therapies 136 5.6 Conclusion 137 References 137 6 Nanomaterials for Gene Therapy 153 V. Karthik, A. Vigneshwaran, D. Dharun Daniel Raj, T.G.N. Nagrajun, S. Poornima, R. Subbaiya, and M. Saravanan 6.1 Introduction and Recent Advances 153 6.2 Nanomaterials and their Physicochemical Properties 153 6.3 Methods of Characterizing the Physicochemical Properties of Nanomaterials 154 6.4 Target Organ Biocompatibility/Toxicity 155 6.5 Gene Delivery 158 6.6 Regulatory Issues 163 References 163 7 Nanotools for the Treatment of Ocular Diseases 169 Elisa J. Campos, António Campos, João Martins, and António F. Ambrósio 7.1 Introduction 169 ftoc.indd 6 04/25/2022 14:43:47 Contents vii 7.2 Ocular Anatomy 170 7.3 Physiological Barriers in the Eye 171 7.4 Methods of Ocular Disease Treatment 173 7.5 Nanomedicine in Ocular Therapy 174 7.6 Closing Remarks 180 Conflict of Interest 181 References 181 8 Nanotechnology Applications in Food and Nutrition Science 185 Kobra S. Rizi, Majid Rezayi, Ehsan Aryan, Zahra Meshkat, and Majid G. Mobarhan 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 Nanostructured Delivery Systems 186 8.3 Nanoparticles Based on Inorganic Materials 202 8.4 Metal Nanoparticles 204 8.5 Conclusion 205 References 206 9 Rubber Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications 225 Jayalatha Gopalakrishnan 9.1 Introduction 225 9.2 Rubbers for Biomedical Applications 226 9.3 Rubber- based Nanocomposites 229 9.4 Conclusions 246 References 246 10 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Medicine 251 P. M Visakh 10.1 Nanomaterials and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 251 10.2 Nanorobotics in Nanomedicine 253 10.3 Nanosensors 255 10.4 Inorganic Nanoparticles for Drug-delivery Applications 257 10.5 Intelligent Nanomaterials for Medicine 259 10.6 Polymer- based Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications 261 10.7 Toxicity of Nanomaterials 263 10.8 Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Medical Applications 264 10.9 Antimicrobial Applications of Nanoparticles 265 References 266 11 Nanomaterials and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 279 Saeid Kargozar, Simin Nazarnezhad, Farzad Kermani, and Francesco Baino 11.1 Introduction and Recent Advances 279 11.2 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: General Concepts 280 11.3 Implantable Nanomaterials to Regenerate Living Tissues 282 11.4 Nanomaterials as Carriers for Therapeutic Agents 283 ftoc.indd 7 04/25/2022 14:43:47 viii  Contents 11.5 Nanofibrous Scaffolds 285 11.6 Nano- topography Techniques for Tissue-engineered Scaffolds 288 11.7 Regulatory Issues 290 11.8 Conclusion 290 References 291 12 Nanorobotics in Nanomedicine 303 Vaishali Y. Londhe and Rupali S. Bhadale 12.1 Introduction 303 12.2 What is Nanorobotics? 304 12.3 Nanorobotics in Nanomedicines 306 12.4 Nanorobots for Medical Imaging 307 12.5 Nanorobots for Targeted Drug Delivery 309 12.6 Enzymatic Nanolithography 313 12.7 Biomimetic Approach 314 12.8 Cell Biochips 315 12.9 Nanorobots for Precision Surgery 315 12.10 Nanorobots for Detoxification 317 12.11 Fabrication of Nanorobots 318 12.12 Toxicity 321 12.13 Administration and Retrieval 321 12.14 Clinical Presence of Nanorobots 322 12.15 Reproducibility and Standardization 322 12.16 Regulatory Issues 323 12.17 Conclusion 324 References 325 13 Nanosensors 333 Asit Behera, A.K. Sahoo and S.S. Mohapatra 13.1 Introduction and Recent Advances 333 13.2 Classification of Nanosensors 336 13.3 Nanosensor Fabrication 339 13.4 Inorganic Nanosensors 343 13.5 Biopolymer- derived Nanosensors 346 13.6 Applications 348 13.7 Regulatory Issues 358 13.8 Conclusions 359 References 360 14 Inorganic Nanoparticles for Drug-delivery Applications 367 Chinnu Sabu, V.K. Ameena Shirin, Renu Sankar and K. Pramod 14.1 Introduction 367 14.2 Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles 368 14.3 Properties of Inorganic Nanoparticles 371 ftoc.indd 8 04/25/2022 14:43:47 Contents ix 14.4 Functionalization of Inorganic Nanoparticles 372 14.5 Quantum Dots for Drug Delivery 374 14.6 Drug Delivery by Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 376 14.7 Silver Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery 379 14.8 Gold Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery 383 14.9 Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery 385 14.10 Hybrid Systems of Inorganic Nanoparticles 386 14.11 Prospects of Inorganic Nanoparticles 388 14.12 Conclusion 388 References 388 15 Intelligent Nanomaterials for Medicine 401 Ajit Behera and Ranjan K. Mohapatra 15.1 Introduction to Intelligent Nanomaterials 401 15.2 Design and Function of Intelligent Nanoparticles 403 15.3 Various Intelligent Materials for Medicines 405 15.4 Type of Stimuli in Intelligent Nanomaterials in Medicine 415 15.5 Clinical Applications of Intelligent Nanomaterials 416 15.6 Potential Risk Factors in Nanomaterial Application 419 15.7 Summary and Future Prospects 420 References 420 16 Polymer-based Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications 427 Chander Amgoth, Kaxi Yu, Shuai Chen, Hongzhen Bai and Guping Tang 16.1 Introduction and Recent Advances 427 16.2 Polymers for Biomedical Fields 428 16.3 Synthesis of Nanocomposites 432 16.4 Characterization Tools for Nanocomposites 432 16.5 Size, Shape, and Morphology of Nanocomposites 433 16.6 Polymer Nanocomposites for Various Applications 436 16.7 Nanocomposites for Molecular Diagnosis and Biopharmaceutics 437 16.8 Perspectives of Nanocomposites 441 16.9 Conclusion 442 References 442 17 Toxicity of Nanomaterials 447 Elham Abohamzeh, M. Sheikholeslami and Ahmad Shafee 17.1 Introduction and Recent Advances 447 17.2 Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials 449 17.3 Biodistribution, Mechanism, and Excretion of Nanomaterials 453 17.4 Toxicity of Nanomaterials 457 17.5 Physicochemical Properties and Toxicity of Nanomaterials 461 17.6 Regulatory Issues 464 17.7 Conclusion 466 ftoc.indd 9 04/25/2022 14:43:47 x  Contents References 466 18 Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Medical Applications 479 Jitha S Jayan, Ramya Rajan, Saritha Appukuttan, and Kuruvilla Joseph 18.1 Introduction and Recent Advances 479 18.2 Multifunctional Nanomaterials 481 18.3 Diagnostic Application 483 18.4 Therapeutic Application 485 18.5 External Stimuli-responsive Nanoparticles for Medicinal Applications 487 18.6 Regulatory Issues 498 18.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 498 References 499 19 Antimicrobial Applications of Nanoparticles 517 19.1 Introduction 517 19.2 Antimicrobial Properties of Nanoparticles 518 19.3 Antimicrobial Applications of Nanoparticles 525 19.4 Conclusions 539 References 540 Index 000