Plastic Waste Management

Preface xv 1 Introduction to Plastic Wastes: Processing Methods, Environmental and Health Implications 1 Ali Mahmoudnia, Behnam Nejati, Mahsa Kianmehr, Masood R. Deiranloei, and Farshad G. Kootenaei 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Plastic materials: Composition and Classification 2 1.3 Techniques of Plastic Processing 5 1.4 Global Plastic Production 6 1.5 The Health and Environmental Effects of Plastic Debris 10 1.6 Management Strategies for Plastic Debris 20 1.7 Conclusion 23 2 Management Strategies for Plastic Wastes: A Roadmap Toward Circular Economy and Environmental Sustainability 31 Tarhemba Tobias Nyam, Olusola Olaitan Ayeleru, Ishmael Matala Ramatsa, and Peter Apata Olubambi 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Waste Plastics Management Strategies 33 2.3 Recycling and Reuse of Waste Plastic in a Circular Economy 42 2.4 Circular Economy in Waste Plastic Management 43 2.5 Conclusions 48 3 Implementation of Analytical Hierarchy Process for Developing Better Waste Collection System 55 Sharafat Ali, Yasir Ahmed Solangi, Waqas Ahmed, Muhammad Asghar, and Arbab Mustafa 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Barriers to Better Waste Collection and Management Systems 58 3.3 Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process 65 3.4 Prioritization of Barriers and Sub-Barriers of Developing Better Waste Collection System 71 3.5 Conclusions 79 4 Processing and Recycling of Plastic Wastes for Sustainable Material Management 89 Dayanand Sharma, Nandini Moondra, Ranjeet K. Bharatee, Anudeep Nema, Kumari Sweta, Manoj K. Yadav, and Nityanand Singh Maurya 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Collection, Recycling, and Processing of Plastic Waste: Case Studies 4.3 Integrated Solid Waste Management 94 4.4 Plastic Waste Management: Recent Approaches 98 4.5 Treatment of Plastics with Composting 104 4.6 Utilizations of Plastic Waste as Civil Construction Materials 105 4.7 Public Health Effects of Plastic Wastes 107 4.8 The Effect of Plastic Waste on Land and Ocean Animal 111 4.9 Conclusion 113 5 Chemical Recycling of Plastic Waste for Sustainable Development 117 Mamoona Sadia, Abid Mahmood, and Muhammad Ibrahim 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Plastic Consumption, Waste Production, and Issues 118 5.3 Plastics Waste and Plastic Properties 120 5.4 Plastic Waste and Sustainable Development 121 5.5 Challenges Associated with Plastic Chemical Recycling 133 5.6 Future Perspectives 135 5.7 Conclusion 135 6 Plastic Wastes Management and Disposal in Developing Countries: Challenges and Future Perspectives 145 Mamoona Sadia, Abid Mahmood, Muhammad Ibrahim, Tanvir Shahzad, Muhammad Imran Arshad, Ayesha Sana, and Silvia M. M. Machado 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Methods of Research 147 6.3 Results 147 6.4 Plastic Waste Reduction: Challenges and Recommendations 160 6.5 Conclusion 164 7 Plastic Waste Management During and Post COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Strategies 173 Biswajeet Acharya, Amulyaratna Behera, Kalim Deshmukh, and Srikanta Moharana 7.1 Introduction 173 7.2 Biomedical Plastic Wastes’ Environmental Effects? 175 7.3 Impact of COVID-19 on Plastic Waste Generation 176 7.4 Packaging Plastic During and Post COVID-19 Pandemics 178 7.5 Types of Plastic Product Use During and Post COVID-19 Pandemics 180 7.6 The Status of Uses of Personal Protective Equipment Before, During, and Post COVID-19 Pandemic 180 7.7 Major Material and Composition used During the Production of PPE During Pandemic 181 7.8 Status of Biodegradable and Nonbiodegradable Plastics Used in COVID-19 Management 182 7.9 Role of Medical Waste on the Plastic Industry During and Post-COVID 19 Pandemic 183 7.10 Waste Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic 185 7.11 Challenges for the Current Waste Management Systems 186 7.12 Strategies for the Current Waste Management System 187 7.13 Biological Advantages of Plastic Waste Management During and Post-Pandemic 189 7.14 The Economic Development and Advantages of Plastic Waste Management During and Post-Pandemic 191 7.15 Future Prospects 192 7.16 Conclusion 193 8 Biodegradation of Plastic Waste: Mechanisms, Perspectives, and Challenges 201 Afifa Shabbir and Nazim Hussain 8.1 Introduction 201 8.2 Plastic Wastes Degradation 203 8.3 Biodegradation 205 8.4 C–C Backbone Degradation in Plastic Polymers 210 8.5 C–O Backbone Degradation in Plastic Polymers 212 8.6 Synthetic Plastic Polymer Biodegradation Method 214 8.7 Toxicological Aspects of Plastic Waste Biodegradation 217 8.8 Future Outlook, Recommendations, and Viable Alternatives 218 8.9 Conclusion 219 9 Conversion of Waste Plastics into Value-added Materials: A Global Perspective 227 Tarhemba Tobias Nyam, Olusola Olaitan Ayeleru, Ishmael Matala Ramatsa, and Peter Apata Olubambi 9.1 Introduction 227 9.2 From Recycling to Upcycling 228 9.3 Chemical Recycling 229 9.4 Emergent Technology in Waste Plastic Conversion 243 9.5 Mechanical Recycling 248 9.6 Recycling in Additive Manufacturing 249 9.7 Innovative Characterization Techniques 250 9.8 Future Work and Recommendations 251 9.9 Conclusion 251 10 Plastic Waste Management in Construction Industry: Opportunities and Technological Challenges 259 Appala Naidu Uttaravalli, Achuvelli V.R. Rao, Karuna Boppena, Anup Ashok, and Bhanu Radhika Gidla 10.1 Introduction 259 10.2 Applications of Polyethylene (PE) Based Plastic Waste in Construction Field 263 10.3 Applications of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastic Waste in Construction Field 267 10.4 Applications of Polypropylene (PP) Plastic Waste in Construction Field 268 10.5 Applications of Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Plastic Waste in Construction Field 269 10.6 Applications of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Plastic Waste in Construction Field 271 10.7 Technological Challenges Associated with Plastic Waste Utilization in Construction Field 272 10.8 Conclusion 274 11 Perspectives of Material Flow Analysis in Plastic Waste Management 279 Giti Pishehvarz and Jafar Azamat 11.1 Introduction 279 11.2 Plastic 280 11.3 MFA 281 11.4 Conclusion 300 12 Life Cycle Assessment Approach for Mitigating Problems of Plastic Waste Management 311 Annesha Kar, Nobomi Borah, and Niranjan Karak 12.1 Introduction 311 12.2 Effect of Plastic Waste on the Environment and Living Beings 313 12.3 Current Strategies for Plastic Waste Management 315 12.4 Life Cycle Assessment 320 12.5 Challenges in LCA 330 12.6 Current Status on Sustainable Plastic Development 331 12.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 332 13 Technologies and Recycling Strategies of Municipal Solid Waste: A Global Perspective 339 Abhishek N. Srivastava and Sumedha Chakma 13.1 Introduction 339 13.2 Technological Implications for Recyclable Material Procurement 342 13.3 Sustainability of Recycling Measures: Stakeholder Participation and Collaboration 348 13.4 Municipal Solid Waste: Challenges and Perspectives for Recycling 353 13.5 Conclusion 358 14 Management of Marine Plastic Debris: Ecotoxicity and Ecological Implications 363 Yudith Vega Paramitadevi, Ana Turyanti, Yenni Trianda, Beata Ratnawati, Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan, Nurani Ikhlas, Nurul Jannah, and Setyo Sarwanto Moersidik 14.1 Introduction 363 14.2 Marine Plastic Debris Composition 364 14.3 Toxicity of Plastic Waste 368 14.4 Ecological Impact of Plastic Waste 375 14.5 Plastic Waste Management Strategy Through Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle (3R) 378 14.6 Integrated Scenario for Managing Plastic Waste 380 14.7 Conclusions 382 15 Societal Awareness, Regulatory Framework, and Technical Guidelines for Management of Plastic Wastes 391 Latifah Abdul Ghani 15.1 Introduction 391 15.2 Empowerment of Social Capital for Community Awareness 395 15.3 Plastics Technical Guidelines 398 15.4 Regulatory Framework and Regulations for Plastic Waste Management 403 15.5 Policy and Action Recommendations for Global Sustainability 406 15.6 Remarks 413 References 413 Index 421