Nanocellulose

Preface xvii 1 Nanocellulose: A Cutting Edge Biopolymer: An Overview 1 Bidisha Saha and Mainak Mukhopadhyay 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Nanocellulose: A Brief Overview 3 1.3 Extraction of Nanocellulose 6 1.4 Surface Modification and Functionalization for Nanocelluloses 10 1.5 Applications of Nanocellulose in Polymeric Composites 13 1.6 Summary and Prospects 19 2 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) and Nanocrystals (CNC): Pre-Treatment, Preparation, and Characterization 27 Jiawei Chen, Yu Chen and Tanushree Ghosh 2.1 Introduction 28 2.2 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) 29 2.3 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) 38 2.4 Characterization 43 2.5 Conclusion 49 3 Synthesis and Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose 63 Moushali Sil, Kamolika Mukhopadhyay, Durba Roy, Sampriti Kundu and Debalina Bhattacharya 3.1 Introduction 64 3.2 Structure and Functions of Proteins Involved in Bcs Operon 70 3.3 Diverse Nature of Bcs Operon 72 3.4 Regulation of Bacterial Nanocellulose Biosynthesis 73 3.5 Genetic Manipulation of BNC Producing Strains to Increase Yield 74 3.6 Factors for BNC Production 77 3.7 Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose 80 3.8 Conclusion 83 4 Process and Applications of Electrospinning 89 Anushka Lather and Shubhangi Paliwal 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 A Brief History of Electrospinning 90 4.3 Setup for the Experiment 92 4.4 Principle of the Process 93 4.5 Factors Affecting the Process of Electrospinning 93 4.6 Electrospinning Variations 97 4.7 Applications of Electrospun Fibers 101 4.8 Summary, Conclusion and Future Prospects 105 5 Development of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites and Its Properties 113 Sunita Adak 5.1 Introduction 114 5.2 Nanocellulose 117 5.3 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites 125 5.4 Properties of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites 131 5.5 Conclusion 134 6 Surface Functionalization Process: Its Advantages and Disadvantages 141 Pranabi Maji and Dibyarupa Pal 6.1 Chemical Approach 141 6.2 Enzymatic Approach 146 6.3 Physical Techniques 148 6.4 Conclusion 154 7 Applications of Nanocellulose in Tissue Engineering and Tissue Grafting 159 Sneha Dey, Paramjeet Singh, Sampriti Sarkar and Avik Acharya Chowdhury 7.1 Introduction 160 7.2 Nanocellulose and Its Properties 161 7.3 Classification of Nanocellulose and Their Synthesis 166 7.4 Composites Based on Nanocellulose 169 7.5 Applications of Nanocellulose in Tissue Engineering and Tissue Grafting 172 7.6 Limitations of Nanocellulose 177 7.7 Future Prospects 180 7.8 Conclusion 181 8 Application of Nanocellulose for Wound Dressings 193 B.A. Aderibigbe 8.1 Introduction 194 8.2 Types of Wounds 195 8.3 Nanocellulose-Based Wound Dressings 196 8.4 Commercialized Nanocellulose-Based Wound Dressings 210 8.5 Future Perspective and Conclusion 211 9 Use of Nanocellulose for Drug Carriers for Drug Delivery Applications 221 Rubai Ahmed, Swarnali Das, Jhimli Banerjee, Sovan Samanta, Sandeep Kumar Dash and Arindam Pramanik 9.1 Introduction 223 9.2 Strategies for Drug Delivery 224 9.3 Application of Various Biomaterials for Drug Delivery 226 9.4 Different Methods Involved in Nanocellulose Synthesis 229 9.5 Types of Nanocellulose 232 9.6 Different Methods Used for Drug Loading/Encapsulation of Drug in Nanocellulose 235 9.7 Importance of Nanocellulose as Drug Carrier 239 9.8 Drug Delivery via Different Nanocelluloses 241 9.9 Nanocellulose-Based Drug Delivery in Pathological Disorder 243 9.10 Commercialized and Research-Associated Nanocellulose Products Reported in Clinical Trials 249 9.11 Future Perspective 252 9.12 Conclusion 253 10 Preparation of Antibacterial Nanocomposite Materials Using Nanocellulose 267 Moumita Bishai 10.1 Introduction 268 10.2 Nanocellulose 269 10.3 Functionalization of Nanocellulose 272 10.4 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposite 273 10.5 Properties of the Nanocomposites 273 10.6 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposite Processing 274 10.7 Antibacterial Properties of the Nanocomposite Material 279 10.8 Conclusions and Future Trends 279 11 Application of Nanocellulose for Treatment of Renal Failure 297 Prapti Chakraborty and Priyanka Ray 11.1 Introduction 298 11.2 Renal Disease and Its Implications 299 11.3 Nanocellulose—Concept and Formulation 304 11.4 Kidney Targeted Drug Delivery by Nanocellulose 309 11.5 Conclusion 312 12 Use of Nanocellulose Hydrogels for Ophthalmic Applications 319 Gouranga Dutta, Debabrata Ghosh Dastidar and Abimanyu Sugumaran 12.1 Introduction 320 12.2 Nanocellulose Overview 321 12.3 Nanocellulose Compatibility for Ophthalmic Applications 327 12.4 Nanocellulose Hydrogel 328 12.5 Ophthalmic Application of Nanocellulose 330 12.6 Conclusion and Future Aspect 331 13 Application of Nanocellulose as Implant and Grafting Materials 335 Shubhangi Paliwal and Anushka Lather 13.1 Introduction 336 13.2 Chemical as Well as the Structural Makeup of Cellulose Fibers 337 13.3 Cellulose—Origin, Extraction, and Sources 339 13.4 Isolation, Chemical Transformations, and Purification of Cellulose 341 13.5 Application of Nanocellulose as Implant and Grafting Materials 345 13.6 Conclusion 352 14 Use of Nanocellulose for Dental Applications 359 Rupankar Ghosh, Amlan Roychowdhury and Ditipriya Hazra 14.1 Introduction 359 14.2 Application of Nanocellulose in Dental Science 362 14.3 Conclusion 368 15 Future Prospects of Bacterial Nanocellulose and Its Composites 373 Anbazhagan Thirumalai, Mahashweta Mitra Ghosh, Agnishwar Girigoswami and Koyeli Girigoswami 15.1 Introduction 374 15.2 Cellulose 375 15.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) 376 15.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose-Based Hybrid Nanocomposites 379 15.5 Biomedical Applications of BNC 382 15.6 Conclusion 386 Acknowledgments 386 References 386 Index 391