The Environmental Impact of COVID-19

Foreword xiii 1 COVID- 19: A Pandemic - Introduction 1 Pratik Kulkarni, Tejas Barot, Piyush Rao, Aayush Dey, and Deepak Rawtani 1.1 Introduction: Sources and Chemical Activities of COVID- 19 1 1.1.1 Sources and Transmission 2 1.1.2 Structure of SARS- CoV- 2 3 1.1.3 Common Symptoms, Immune Reaction to the Virus, and Mechanism of Entry 3 1.1.3.1 Immuno- evasion of Coronaviruses 4 1.1.3.2 World at Loss due to COVID- 19 5 1.1.3.3 Incubation Period 6 1.1.3.4 SARS- CoV- 2 and Basic Reproduction Number (R0) 6 1.1.3.5 Pathological Characteristics 6 1.1.3.6 Case Definitions 7 1.1.3.7 Prevention of Transmission 7 1.1.3.8 Quarantine 8 1.1.3.9 Global Response by WHO 9 1.1.4 Treatments 10 1.1.4.1 General Treatment Strategies for COVID- 19 10 1.1.4.2 Antiviral Therapy 10 1.1.4.3 COVID- 19 Convalescent Plasma for Prophylaxis 10 1.1.4.4 FDA- Approved Drug/Agents for Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) 11 1.1.4.5 Vaccines 11 1.1.5 Conclusion 12 References 12 2 Viability of COVID- 19 in Different Environmental Surfaces 19 Saeida Saadat, Piyush K. Rao, Nitasha Khatri, and Deepak Rawtani 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Transmission of COVID- 19 20 2.2.1 Influence of Environmental Factors on Transmission of COVID- 19 21 2.3 Survival of COVID- 19 on Different Environmental Surfaces 23 2.3.1 Survival of COVID- 19 on Households and Hospitals Surfaces 24 2.3.2 Stability of COVID- 19 in Liquid Media 25 2.4 Disinfection of the Surfaces as an Efficient Weapon Against Coronaviruses 26 2.5 Conclusion 27 References 28 3 Influence of Environmental Factors in Transmission of COVID- 19 35 Aayush Dey, Piyush K. Rao, and Deepak Rawtani 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Temperature, Humidity, and Transmission of COVID- 19 37 3.3 Precipitation and Its Effects on COVID- 19 Transmission 37 3.4 Food Industry and COVID- 19 Transmission 38 3.5 Water and Sewage as a Medium for COVID- 19 Transmission 39 3.6 COVID- 19 Transmission via Air 39 3.7 Transmission of COVID- 19 Through Insects 40 3.8 Personal Hygiene Amidst COVID- 19 Transmission 41 3.9 Prevalence of SARS- CoV- 2 42 3.10 Disinfection of Surfaces – SARS- CoV- 2 46 3.10.1 Suspension Tests for Surface Disinfection 46 3.10.2 Carrier Tests for Surface Disinfection 47 3.10.3 Ultraviolet (UV- C) Radiation- Mediated Disinfection of SARS- CoV- 2 47 3.11 Conclusion 50 References 51 4 Models and Strategies for Controlling the Transmission of COVID- 19 59 Yigĭtcan Sümbelli, Semra Köse, Rüstem Keçili, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Routes for the Transmission of COVID- 19 60 4.3 Models for the Transmission of COVID- 19 61 4.4 Strategies for the Transmission Control of COVID- 19 62 4.5 Conclusions 64 References 64 5 Traditional Analytical Techniques and Sampling of COVID- 19 67 Aayush Dey, Piyush K. Rao, Pratik Kulkarni, and Deepak Rawtani 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Sample Collection from Patients 68 5.2.1 Sample Acquisition from Nose 69 5.2.2 Sample Acquisition from Saliva 69 5.2.3 Stool Sample Acquisition 70 5.2.3.1 Sample Collection from Environmental Surfaces 70 5.2.3.2 Timing of the Environmental Sample Collection 71 5.2.3.3 Environmental Sampling Methods and Procedure 71 5.2.3.4 Transport and Storage of the Samples 71 5.2.3.5 Novel Sample Collection Technique 72 5.2.3.6 Current Diagnosis for COVID- 19 72 5.2.4 Nucleic Acid Testing 73 5.2.4.1 Reverse Transcription- Based Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT- PCR) 73 5.2.4.2 Real- Time RT- PCR (rRT- PCR) 73 5.2.5 Computed Tomography 74 5.3 Conclusion 75 References 75 6 Modern Sensor- Based Techniques for Identification of COVID- 19 79 Pratik Kulkarni, Shyam Vasvani, Tejas D. Barot, Piyush K. Rao, and Aayush Dey 6.1 Introduction: Current Diagnosis for COVID- 19 79 6.2 Newer and Emerging Technologies 79 6.2.1 Isothermal Amplification Assays 80 6.2.1.1 SHERLOCK Assay 80 6.2.1.2 RT- LAMP Assay 82 6.2.2 Protein- Based Tests 82 6.2.3 Point- of- Care (POC) Testing 83 6.2.4 Aptamer- Based Assay Techniques 84 6.2.4.1 Rapid Lateral Flow Platforms Based on Aptamer Technology 85 6.2.4.2 Aptamer- Based Diagnostics of COVID- 19 in the Future 86 6.2.5 Other Novel Technologies Developed for SARS- CoV- 2 Detection 88 6.2.5.1 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) Sensor 88 6.2.5.2 Field- Effect Transistor (FET) 88 6.2.5.3 Cell- Based Potentiometric Biosensor 89 6.3 Conclusion 90 References 90 7 Advanced Digital Tools for Tracing and Analysis of COVID- 19 95 Archana Singh, Aayush Dey, and Deepak Rawtani 7.1 Introduction 95 7.2 Developments in Digital Strategies for COVID- 19 96 7.2.1 Monitoring of COVID- 19 Infection 96 7.2.2 Digital Techniques in Tracing and Analysis 97 7.2.2.1 Flow Modeling Tools 98 7.2.2.2 Quarantine Compliance Tools 98 7.2.2.3 COVID- 19 Symptom Tracking Tools 99 7.2.2.4 Proximity Tracing Tools for COVID- 19 99 7.2.2.5 Contact Tracing Tool 99 7.2.2.6 Quarantine and Self- Isolation 103 7.3 Artificial Intelligence in Curbing COVID- 19 103 7.3.1 Predictive Models and Tracking of COVID- 19 via AI 104 7.3.2 AI in the Screening of COVID- 19 Cases 104 7.3.3 Pre- Diagnostics of COVID- 19 and AI 105 7.3.4 AI in Protein Structure Mapping 105 7.3.5 AI and Development of Vaccines 105 7.3.6 AI in Genomics 105 7.4 Conclusion 105 References 106 8 Challenges and Preventive Interventions in COVID- 19 Transmission through Domestic Chemistry Hygiene: A Critical Assessment 111 Kanika Sharma, Payal Kesharwani, Ankit Jain, Nishi Mody, Gunjan Sharma, Swapnil Sharma, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 8.1 Introduction 111 8.2 Bioaerosolization: Ground for Transmission of SARS- CoV- 2 112 8.3 Fomites: Role in the Transmission of COVID- 19 113 8.4 Vulnerable Places for COVID- 19 114 8.5 Exposure to SARS- CoV- 2 in Aerosolized Wastewater and Dynamic from the Sanitary Plumbing System 116 8.5.1 Bioaerosol Generation by Toilet Flushing 116 8.5.2 Bioaerosol Produced During Wastewater Treatment 116 8.5.3 Bioaerosol Produced During Irrigation 116 8.6 Scientific and Technological Solution for the Hygiene of Toilet Area to Curb COVID- 19 and Other Infections 117 8.6.1 Maintaining Hygiene and Sanitation of Bathroom by Physical and Chemical Disinfection 117 8.6.2 Antimicrobial Surface 118 8.6.3 Anti- adhesive Surface 119 8.6.4 No- Contact Use for the Operation of Sanitary Facility: Sensor Technology 120 8.6.5 Inexpensive Preventive Approaches Used at Home 120 8.6.6 Technology to Detect Virus 121 8.6.7 Steps for Wastewater Management 122 8.7 Conclusive Remarks and Prospects for Future Research 122 Acknowledgments 122 Conflict of Interest 122 References 123 9 Industries and COVID- 19 127 Pratik Kulkarni, Shyam Vasvani, Tejas D. Barot, Aayush Dey, and Deepak Rawtani 9.1 Introduction 127 9.2 Renewable and Green Energy Industries 129 9.3 Agriculture Industry 130 9.4 Petroleum and Oil Industry 130 9.5 Manufacturing Industry 131 9.6 Education 131 9.7 Health Care Industry 132 9.8 Pharmaceutical Industry 132 9.9 Hospitality 133 9.10 Tourism 133 9.11 Air Travel 134 9.12 Real Estate and Housing Industry 134 9.13 Sports Industry 135 9.14 Information Technology, Media, Research and Development 135 9.15 Food Sector 136 9.16 Conclusion 137 References 138 10 Ramifications of Coronavirus on the Environment 143 Elisa Kalugendo, Manka Marycleopha, Piyush K. Rao, and Dharmesh Silajiya 10.1 Introduction 143 10.2 Footprints of Coronavirus Pandemic on the Surroundings (Mother Nature) 144 10.3 Increase in Hospital Wastes 145 10.4 COVID- 19 Declined Global Warming 146 10.5 Poor Management of Waste 146 10.6 Reset of Nature 147 10.7 Soil Contamination 148 10.8 Destruction of Arable Land 149 10.9 Increased Poaching Activity 150 10.10 COVID- 19 Resulted in the Loss of a Great Number of People 150 10.11 Negligence of Environmental Sanitation 151 10.12 Decrease of Municipal Wastewater Particles 152 10.13 Future Implications 153 References 154 11 Management of Risks Associated with COVID- 19 159 Shrutika Singla, Shruthi Subhash, and Amarnath Mishra 11.1 Introduction 159 11.2 Types 160 11.3 Origin 161 11.4 Structure 162 11.5 Risk Associated with COVID- 19 163 11.5.1 Risk at Hospitals or Point- of- Care Centers 164 11.5.2 Risk at Airport and Other Transport Mediums 165 11.5.3 Environmental Risk Due to COVID- 19 165 11.6 Risk Management and Mitigation 166 11.6.1 Gathering Information from Different Sources 166 11.6.2 Preventing National and International Traveling 166 11.6.3 Vaccination 167 11.6.4 Self- Isolation and Quarantine 167 11.6.5 Clinical Management 167 11.6.6 Masks and PPE Kits Use 167 11.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 168 References 168 12 Case Studies: COVID- 19 and the Environment 171 Aayush Dey, Pratik Kulkarni, Piyush K. Rao, Nitasha Khatri, and Deepak Rawtani 12.1 Introduction 171 12.2 COVID- 19 and Its Impact on the Environment – A Case Study of China 172 12.3 Environmental Impact of Particulate Matter in Italy Due to COVID- 19 173 12.4 Impact Upon the Atmospheric Environment of the Southeast Asia Region 173 12.5 Impact of COVID- 19 Lockdown on PM 10 , SO 2 , and NO 2 Concentrations in Salé City, Morocco 175 12.6 Correlation of Pandemic- Induced Lockdown and Stone Quarrying and Crushing – An Indian Perspective 175 12.7 Temperature vs. COVID- 19 Transmission – Brazil 176 12.8 Correlation of COVID- 19 and Air Quality in Spain 177 12.8.1 Conclusive Statements 177 12.9 Weather Impacts COVID- 19 Transmission – A Case Study of Turkey 178 12.10 COVID- 19 vs. Ambient Temperature – A Perspective of Canada 178 12.11 Conclusion 180 References 180 13 Effect of Waste Generated Due to COVID- 19 185 Saeida Saadat, Piyush K. Rao, Nitasha Khatri, and Deepak Rawtani 13.1 Introduction 185 13.2 Impact of COVID- 19 on Waste Production 186 13.3 Classification of Waste Generated Due to the COVID- 19 Pandemic 187 13.3.1 Domestic Waste 187 13.3.2 Biomedical Waste 189 13.4 Reduction in Waste Recycling 190 13.5 Environmental Impacts of COVID- 19 190 13.6 Management of the Generated Waste Due to the COVID- 19 Pandemic 192 13.7 Technical Approaches to Waste Management for the Post- COVID- 19 World 193 13.8 Conclusion 195 References 196 14 Strategies for Effective Waste Management for COVID- 19 203 Aayush Dey, Nitasha Khatri, Piyush K. Rao, and Deepak Rawtani 14.1 Introduction 203 14.2 Composition of Wastes Corresponding to the COVID- 19 Pandemic 204 14.3 Solid Waste 205 14.3.1 Food Wastes 205 14.3.1.1 Probable Management Strategies 206 14.3.2 Plastic Wastes 207 14.3.2.1 Plastic Waste Management Strategies 208 14.3.3 Municipal Solid Waste and Management Strategies 208 14.4 Biomedical Wastes 209 14.4.1 Hazardous Biomedical Wastes 209 14.4.1.1 Infectious Waste 209 14.4.1.2 Pathological Waste 209 14.4.1.3 Sharps Waste 211 14.4.1.4 Chemical Waste 211 14.4.1.5 Pharmaceutical Waste 211 14.4.1.6 Genotoxic Waste 211 14.4.2 Probable Mitigation Strategies for Hazardous Biomedical Wastes Generated Due to COVID- 19 211 14.4.2.1 Incineration 211 14.4.2.2 Thermal Strategies for Biomedical Waste Mitigation 212 14.4.2.3 Biomedical Waste Management- Based via Chemical Techniques 213 14.4.2.4 COVID- 19 Biomedical Waste Management via Steam Sterilization Technique 213 14.5 A Global Perspective Upon COVID- 19 Waste Management 214 14.5.1 India’s Take on COVID- 19 Waste Management 214 14.5.2 COVID- 19 Waste Management in Spain 214 14.5.3 Practices for COVID- 19 Waste Management by the United States 215 14.5.4 China’s COVID- 19 Waste Management Strategy 215 14.6 Conclusion 215 References 216 15 Environmental Policies and Strategies for COVID- 19 221 Vimbai Masiyambiri, Piyush K. Rao, Nitasha Khatri, and Deepak Rawtani 15.1 Introduction 221 15.2 Linking Policy with the Environment 222 15.3 Challenges of Creating Environmental Policy for COVID- 19 and Subsequent Pandemics 226 15.3.1 Reactive Policies 226 15.3.2 Proactive Policy Formulation for COVID- 19 227 15.3.3 Environmental Indifference, Role of Media and COVID- 19 Environmental Policy 227 15.4 Environmental Strategies for COVID- 19 228 15.4.1 Risk Analyses and Assessment of COVID- 19 229 15.4.2 Implementation of Early Warning Systems in the Environment 229 15.4.3 Post- COVID- 19 Crisis Management of the Environment 230 15.4.4 Building Infrastructure for Separation of Waste 231 15.5 Conclusion 231 References 232 16 Environmental Implications of Pandemic on Climate 235 Sapna Jain, Bhawna Yadav Lamba, Madhuben Sharma, and Sanjeev Kumar 16.1 Introduction 235 16.2 Cast Study 1: Megacities of India 236 16.2.1 Methodology 236 16.2.2 Size Description and Data Collection 236 16.3 Results and Analysis 237 16.3.1 Meteorology and Air Quality in Megacities 238 16.4 Cast Study 2: Selected Cities of Rajasthan, India 239 16.4.1 Methodology 239 16.4.2 Size Description and Data Collection 239 16.5 Result and Analysis 240 16.5.1 Meteorology and Air Quality: Case Study 2 241 16.6 Special Area of Study: Bhiwadi 241 16.7 Conclusion 242 References 243 17 COVID- 19 Pandemic: A Blessing in Disguise 245 Pratik Kulkarni, Tejas D. Barot, Piyush K. Rao, and Deepak Rawtani 17.1 Introduction: A “Make or Break” Perspective 245 17.2 How Coronavirus Is Shaping Sustainable Development 246 17.2.1 Moving Toward a Sustainable Future 248 17.2.2 Building Back Better After COVID- 19 249 17.2.3 Global Shift to Renewable Energy. Is COVID- 19 Slowing It? 250 17.2.4 Clean Energy Momentum 250 17.3 Reverting to Dirty Fuels 250 17.3.1 Part Shortages 251 17.4 Consequences of the Pandemic on Fragile States 251 17.4.1 Food Systems and the Biodiversity Connection 251 17.4.2 Mining, Conflict, and Land Rights 252 17.4.3 Prevention of Pandemic and Its Cost Measures 252 17.4.4 Prevention of New Pandemics 253 17.4.5 Climate Change and Wildlife 254 17.4.6 Necessary Responses Needed 254 17.5 Energy Security 255 17.6 Conclusion 257 References 257 Index 261