Since 1991, Sterling Test Prep prepares students for academic success. Sterling Test Prep publishes more than 140 study aids for high school, undergraduate, graduate, and professional students. Its writers, contributors, and editors are highly educated in sciences and humanities, with extensive classroom teaching and research experience. They are experts on preparing students for standardized tests, as well as undergraduate and graduate admissions coaching. The lead author and chief editor of this study guide is Dr. Frank Addivinola. With his outstanding education, laboratory research, and decades of university science teaching, Dr. Addivinola lent his expertise to develop this book. Dr. Frank Addivinola conducted original research in developmental biology as a doctoral candidate and pre-IRTA fellow in Molecular and Cell Biology at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). His dissertation advisor was Nobel laureate Marshall W. Nirenberg, Chief of the Biochemical Genetics Laboratory at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Before NIH, Dr. Addivinola researched prostate cancer in the Cell Growth and Regulation Laboratory of Dr. Arthur Pardee at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute of Harvard Medical School. Dr. Addivinola holds an undergraduate degree in biology from Williams College. He completed his Masters at Harvard University, Masters in Biotechnology at Johns Hopkins University, and five other graduate degrees at the University of Maryland University College, Suffolk University, and Northeastern University. During his extensive teaching career, Dr. Addivinola taught numerous undergraduate and graduate-level courses, including biology, biochemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, anatomy and physiology, medical terminology, nutrition, and medical ethics. He received several awards for his research and presentations.