The European Reformations

"List of Figures xi Preface to the Third Edition xiii Preface to the Second Edition xvi Preface to the First Edition xviii List of Abbreviations xxi 1 History, Historiography, and Interpretations of the Reformations 1 History and Historiography 1 Interpretations of the Reformations 6 Suggestions for Further Reading 19 2 The Late Middle Ages: Threshold and Foothold of the Reformations 20 Agrarian Crisis, Famine, and Plague 21 Towns and Cities: Loci of Ideas and Change 28 The Printing Press 29 Of Mines and Militancy 31 Social Tensions 32 The Crisis of Values 35 The Western Schism 35 Conciliarism 38 Anticlericalism and the Renaissance Papacy 43 Suggestions for Further Reading 45 Electronic Resources 45 3 The Dawn of a New Era 46 Martin Luther (1483–1546) 46 Theological and Pastoral Responses to Insecurity 51 Theological Implications 57 Indulgences: The Purchase of Paradise 59 The Squeaky Mouse 62 Politics and Piety 64 From the Diet of Worms to the Land of the Birds 66 The Diet of Worms 71 Suggestions for Further Reading 72 Electronic Resources 73 4 Wait for No One: Implementation of Reforms in Wittenberg 74 In the Land of the Birds 74 Melanchthon: Teacher of Germany 75 Karlstadt and Proto-Puritanism 76 Bishops, Clerical Marriage, and Strategies for Reform 78 The Gospel and Social Order 84 Suggestions for Further Reading 91 5 Fruits of the Fig Tree: Social Welfare and Education 92 Late Medieval Poor Relief 93 Beyond Charity 94 The Institutionalization of Social Welfare 98 Bugenhagen and the Spread of Evangelical Social Welfare 101 Education for Service to God and Service to the Neighbor 104 The Catechisms and Christian Vocation 106 Was the Early Reformation a Failure? 108 Suggestions for Further Reading 109 6 The Reformation of the Common Man 111 ""Brother Andy"" 111 Thomas Müntzer 117 Müntzer's Origins and Theology 118 Müntzer's Historical Development 121 On to the Land of Hus 122 The Revolution of the Common Man, 1524–1526 128 The Role of Anticlericalism 130 Luther and the Peasants' War 131 Suggestions for Further Reading 136 7 The Swiss Connection: Zwingli and the Reformation in Zurich 137 The Affair of the Sausages 137 Zwingli's Beginnings 137 Magistracy and Church in Zurich 140 Zwingli’s Reform Program 141 Excursus: Medieval Sacramental Theology 146 The Marburg Colloquy, 1529 154 Suggestions for Further Reading 159 8 The Sheep against the Shepherds: The Radical Reformations 160 The Anabaptists 161 Excursus: Reformation Understandings of Baptism 164 Zurich Beginnings 168 Anabaptist Multiplicity 173 The Münster Debacle 176 The Subversive Piety of the Spiritualists 179 Suggestions for Further Reading 181 9 Augsburg 1530 to Augsburg 1555: Reforms and Politics 183 The Trail of Worms 183 The Diet of Worms, 1521 185 The Diet of Speyer, 1526 186 The Diet of Speyer, 1529 187 The Diet of Augsburg, 1530, and the Augsburg Confession 188 The Right of Resistance to the Emperor 192 Reformation Ecumenism, War, and the Peace of Augsburg 193 Suggestions for Further Reading 198 10 ""The Most Perfect School of Christ"": The Genevan Reformation 199 John Calvin (1509–1564) 199 Journey to Geneva 202 The Reformation in Geneva 204 Sojourn in Strasbourg 206 Geneva under Calvin, 1541–1564 210 Calvin's Consolidation of His Authority 212 The Servetus Case 215 Protestant Mission and Evangelism: The ""International Conspiracy"" 218 Suggestions for Further Reading 220 11 Refuge in the Shadow of God's Wings: The Reformation in France 221 The Shield of Humanism 221 Evangelical Progress and Persecution 224 Calvin's Influence in France 226 The Colloquy of Poissy, 1561 231 The Wars of Religion, 1562–1598 232 The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 234 ""Paris is Worth a Mass"" 237 Suggestions for Further Reading 238 12 The Blood of the Martyrs: The Reformation in the Netherlands 239 ""La Secte Lutheriane"" 241 Dissident Movements 242 The Rise of Calvinism and the Spanish Reaction 243 A Godly Society? 246 Suggestions for Further Reading 247 13 The Reformations in England and Scotland 248 Anticlericalism and Lutheran Beginnings 249 The King's Great Matter 255 Passions, Politics, and Piety 257 Edward VI and Protestant Progress 259 Mary Tudor and Protestant Regress 261 Elizabeth I and the Via Media 263 Mary Stuart (1542–1587) and the Reformation in Scotland 267 Suggestions for Further Reading 271 14 Reformations in East-Central Europe 272 Bohemia 276 Livonia 277 Prussia and Poland 278 Antitrinitarian Developments 281 Slovakia and Hungary 283 Suggestions for Further Reading 288 15 Catholic Renewal and the Counter-Reformation 289 Late Medieval Renewal Movements 289 The Index and the Inquisition 295 Loyola and the Society of Jesus 299 The Council of Trent, 1545–1563 304 Suggestions for Further Reading 310 Electronic Resources 310 16 Legacies of the Reformations 311 Confessionalization 311 Politics 314 Culture 318 The Reformations and Women 318 Toleration and the ""Other"" 323 Economics, Education, and Science 328 Literature and the Arts 330 Back to the Future: The Reformations and Modernity 336 Suggestions for Further Reading 338 Electronic Resources 338 Chronology 339 Genealogies 345 The House of Valois and Bourbon, to 1610 346 The family of Charles V 347 The English crown, 1485–1603 348 Ottoman sultans, 1451–1648 349 Popes, 1492–1605 350 Maps 351 Europe about 1500 325 Germany at the time of the Reformations 353 The Empire of Charles V 354 The Ottoman Empire 355 The Portuguese and Spanish overseas empires 356 Religious divisions in Europe about 1600 357 Glossary 358 Appendix: Aids to Reformation Studies 361 Bibliography 364 Index 403"