Roman Battle Tactics 109BC–AD313

?INTRODUCTION: The size and organization of the legion – campaign attrition – From maniple to cohort: the cohort’s functional identity – command structure – Basic battle formations – Intervals in the battle line: control and cohesion – the – interval as a channel for attack and a defensive trap – the size of intervals · LEGIONARY BATTLE LINES AND MANOEUVRES: Simplex acies: Forum Gallorum, 43 BC – Ruspina, 46 BC – Carrhae, 53 BC: disastrous result of the abandonment of the simplex acies – Duplex acies: Ilerda, 49 BC – Maximinus’ agmen quadratum, AD 238 – Arrian’s array against the Alans, AD 135 – Triplex and quadruplex acies: Ilerda, 49 BC – the {muthul}, 109 BC – Chaeronea, 86 BC – Pistoria, 62 BC – Caesar in Gaul, 58 BC – Pharsalus, 48 BC: the devotio – Uzzita, 46 BC – the Rhyndacus, 85 BC: use of field entrenchments – Thapsus, 46 BC: mixed triplex and quadruplex acies – Second Philippi, 42 BC – Detached forces and surprise attacks: Tigranocerta, 69 BC – Aquae Sextiae, 102 BC: the morale value of noise – Lauron, 76 BC – Segovia, 75 BC: the refused centre – Downhill and uphill charges: Mts Armanus & Gindarus, 39 & 38 BC – Ilerda and Dyrrachium, 49 and 48 BC – First Philippi, 42 BC – Mons Graupius, 84 AD ·OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE FORMATIONS: The cuneus and ‘pig’s head’: use at Bonn, AD 69 – in Britain, AD 61 – at Cremona, AD 69 – The orbis: use at Cirta, 105 BC – by Sabinus and Cotta, 54 BC – by Caesar in Britain, 55 BC – by Chariovalda in Germany, AD 16 – by legio XXXVI at Nicopolis, 47 BC – at Adretum, AD 9 – on the Danube, AD 173/174 – The testudo: use at Issus, AD 194 – at Daphne, AD 272 – at Cremona, AD 69 – The agmen quadratum and testudo: in Mark Antony’s retreat from Media, 36 BC – failure against Ardashir, AD 233 ·EPILOGUE: Adrianople, AD 313 – Ctesiphon, AD 363 ·REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING·PLATE COMMENTARIES·INDEX